Agricultural America
In the early 1800s what did most Americans do for worl?
Farming
Which industry is Andrew Carnegie associated with?
Steel
Define immigration
Moving from one country to another to live permanently
What is urbanization?
The growth of cities as people move from countryside to cities
What does “agrarian society” mean?
An economy and lifestyle based mainly on farming
What new production method broke work into small, repeated steps?
Assembly line / mass production
Give one “push factor” for immigrants coming to the U.S. in the 1800s.
Irish Potato Famine, poverty, political unrest in Europe
Name one problem caused by rapid urbanization.
Overcrowding, poor sanitation, unsafe housing, pollution
Name one invention that mechanized farming in the 1800s.
Steel Plow or Mechanical Reaper
What is a corporation, and why was it important for industry?
A business owned by investors through stock; allowed businesses to raise capital and grow
Which U.S. cities did Irish immigrants mostly settle in?
Boston and New York
What was one goal of labor unions during the Industrial Age?
Better wages, shorter hours, safer conditions
Why did many farmers leave their farms for cities during the 1800s?
Overproduction, debt, land shortages, and new city jobs
Give one reason industrial leaders were called “Robber Barons.”
Low wages, driving out competitors, creating monopolies
How did industrialization affect immigration to the U.S.?
Created millions of factory jobs that drew immigrants to cities
Name one major national labor union and what it fought for.
Knights of Labor → 8-hour day; AFL → skilled workers; IWW → all workers, radical
How did mechanization affect the size of farm families and the need for hired labor?
Machines reduced the need for large families or hired workers
What economic policy (“hands off” in French) let businesses grow with little regulation?
Laissez-faire
Name two immigrant groups and the regions/industries they worked in.
Germans → Midwest farms/brewing; Italians → cities, construction/factories; Eastern Europeans → steel mills, coal mines, textiles
What was the Great Migration, and what impact did it have on U.S. cities?
Over 6 million African Americans moved from the South to the North/West; reshaped cities, culture, politics