Agricultural Changes
What was the enclosure movement?
The legal/farming changes that consolidated small farms into larger, fenced-in holdings, displacing many smallholders.
Give one natural resource that helped start the Industrial Revolution in England
Coal, iron ore, waterways
Name one scientific or technological innovation from the Industrial Revolution.
Examples: steam engine, spinning jenny, power loom, Bessemer steel process, vaccine/medical advances, telegraph.
What does the term "forced migration of Africans" refer to in this context?
The transatlantic slave trade transporting Africans to work in the Americas against their will.
Define capitalism
Capitalism: an economic system where private individuals or companies own production and operate for profit
Name one way mechanization in agriculture increased food production
use of seed drills, mechanical threshers — increased efficiency, higher yields.
What role did England's access to capital and banks play in industrialization?
Banks and investors funded machinery, factories, and trade; joint-stock companies financed large projects.
How did the steam engine affect manufacturing or transportation?
Powered machinery and locomotives; enabled faster movement of goods and people, allowed factories away from water sources.
Name one major trade route or system connected to the forced migration of Africans to the Western Hemisphere.
The Middle Passage; triangular trade connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
What basic idea did Karl Marx and communism critique about industrial society?
Marx critiqued exploitation of workers and unequal distribution of wealth under capitalism.
How did the Agricultural Revolution contribute to population growth in Europe?
Increased food supply reduced famine and death rates, supporting population growth
Explain how entrepreneurship and labor combined to promote early factories in England.
Merchants and inventors set up factories; available wage labor from displaced rural workers provided workforce.
Explain how new textile technology changed production methods.
Mechanized spinning and weaving increased speed, lowered costs, and centralized production in factories.
Explain how slave labor in the Americas was linked to industrial growth in Europe or North America.
Cotton, sugar, and other plantation products supplied raw materials for textile factories and generated capital for industry.
Give one social benefit and one social cost of industrialization.
Benefit: increased productivity and longer life expectancy over time; Cost: unsafe factories, poor urban living, pollution, child labor, inequality.
Explain one reason why rural-to-urban migration increased during the early Industrial Revolution.
Fewer labor needs on farms (due to enclosure/mechanization) pushed displaced rural workers to cities seeking factory jobs.
Describe one geographic advantage England had for trade and industrial expansion.
Island geography with many ports, navigable rivers, and an extensive coastline eased transport of goods.
Describe how advances in steel processing influenced industrial economies.
Cheaper, stronger steel enabled larger machines, railways, bridges, and buildings.
Describe conditions faced by enslaved Africans on transatlantic voyages and plantations and one economic consequence of those conditions.
Overcrowded ships, high mortality during voyages; brutal plantation labor — led to large, cheap commodity supplies that fueled industrial profits
Describe two reforms or movements that attempted to address the social costs of industrialization
Examples: labor unions, public health/sanitation reforms, education reforms, factory laws, philanthropic housing, urban planning
Describe two demographic or social effects of rapid urban growth on European cities in the 19th century.
Overcrowding, poor sanitation, spread of disease; growth of wage labor markets; expansion of urban services and infrastructure.
Analyze how England’s existing colonial trade networks supported industrial growth (name at least two connections).
Colonial markets supplied raw materials and purchased manufactured goods; profits from trade provided capital for investment.
Describe the combined effect of electricity and improved transportation on 19th-century economic growth.
Electricity allowed factories to operate more reliably and efficiently; improved transport (railroads, steamships) expanded markets and supply chains.
Analyze how the scale and geographic routes of the transatlantic slave trade influenced global trade networks and the development of industrial capitalism.
Concentrated flows of goods and capital between continents built global markets and integrated colonial economies into industrial capitalism
Compare and contrast capitalism and socialism in terms of ownership of production and goals for economic equality
Capitalism emphasizes private ownership and market-driven profits; socialism emphasizes collective or state ownership and aims to reduce inequality; both propose different mechanisms for managing production and distribution.