Key Terms
This is an economic system based on private ownership, free markets, and competition.
What is Capitalism?
Invented by James Hargreaves, this machine revolutionized the textile industry by allowing one worker to spin multiple spools of thread at once.
What is the Spinning Jenny?
This new social class emerged during the Industrial Revolution, made up of business owners, managers, and professionals who benefited greatly from factory wealth.
What is the Middle Class?
This European nation was the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution, possessing coal, iron, and a stable government.
What is England (Britain)?
Formed in response to hazardous working conditions and low wages, this collective organizing strategy relies on collective bargaining and the threat of a strike to force factory owners into negotiations with their workforce.
What are labor unions?
This economic and political philosophy emphasizes government or public ownership and distribution of goods to reduce inequality.
What is Socialism?
These two steam-powered transportation innovations drastically sped up the movement of goods and people across land and water.
What are steamships and steam locomotives?
Working-class families typically lived in these cramped, poorly built, and unsanitary multi-family apartment buildings in crowded cities.
What are tenements?
These vulnerable individuals faced grueling hours, hazardous equipment, and abusive environments in factories.
Who are child laborers?
This group of 19th-century English textile workers violently destroyed factory machinery because it was taking their jobs.
Who are the Luddites?
This term describes a society obsessed with buying and owning manufactured goods.
What is Consumerism?
This communication technology used electrical signals to send instant messages over long distances.
What is the telegraph?
This term describes the massive gap in wealth and living standards that grew between the wealthy factory owners and the poor working class.
What is the economic divide?
This is the term for a wealthy business owner or entrepreneur who built large industrial enterprises.
What is an industrialist?
Who were banned from working in the mines, restricted to 10 working hours per day, banned from dangerous machinery?
What reforms did women receive?
This is an economic and political system where the community or state owns the means of production, championed as a classless society.
What is Communism?
Before the Industrial Revolution, this event boosted food production, created a population boom, and freed up workers to move to cities
What is the Agricultural Revolution?
Describe two major environmental impact caused by rapid industrialization.
Pollution from coal smoke, contaminated rivers from factory waste, deforestation for industry.
This term describes the crisis caused by rapid population growth in cities, leading to overcrowded housing and poor sanitation.
What is overpopulation?
Name the reforms put into place after the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire.
Automatic sprinkler systems, unlocked and unobstructed exit doors, regular fire drills, and expanded the power and funding of the New York State Department of Labor
A 19th-century toilet system consisting of an outdoor outhouse built over a pit or ash-filled dump
What are privy middens?
Describe how photography impacted society or historical records in the 19th century.
Photography provided visual records of people, events, and conditions, influencing public opinion and historical documentation
Besides England, industrialization spread to other nations like the United States and Germany by doing this to catch up.
Copying British technology, heavily investing in infrastructure, and protecting domestic industries.
Name the three main reasons why the Industrial Revolution began specifically in England.
Cheap fuel, cost of labor, and Innovation, Entrepreneurship, & State Support.
Name one of the wealthy, influential women that supported the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory workers strike.
Anne Morgan – The daughter of financier J.P. Morgan,
Alva Vanderbilt- Member of the influential Vanderbilt family.