Beginning
What was the enclosure movement?
The fencing off of farmland, forcing farmers to move to cities.
What were early factory conditions like?
Long hours, low pay, dangerous machines.
What is laissez‑faire capitalism?
The idea that government should not interfere in business.
How did steel transform industry?
It made stronger buildings, bridges, and machines.
What was the cult of domesticity?
The belief that women should stay home and raise children.
Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Britain?
Britain had resources, capital, and a large labor force.
What caused rapid urbanization?
People moved to cities for factory jobs.
What did Adam Smith believe about free markets?
That supply and demand regulate the economy naturally.
What was the impact of electricity?
It powered factories, lighting, and new inventions.
Why did literacy rise in the Industrial Age?
More public schools and cheaper printed materials.
How did the seed drill improve farming?
It planted seeds efficiently and increased crop yields.
How did child labor affect society?
Children worked long hours in unsafe conditions.
How is socialism different from capitalism?
Socialism favors collective ownership of major industries.
How did transportation improve?
Cars, trains, steamships, and airplanes developed.
What is Social Darwinism?
Misusing evolution to justify inequality and racism.
Why was the steam engine important?
It powered factories and transportation anywhere, not just near rivers.
What reforms improved city life?
Sewers, sanitation, safety laws, and better housing.
What did Karl Marx predict about class struggle?
Workers would overthrow capitalism.
What are corporations and monopolies?
Corporations are investor-owned businesses; monopolies dominate entire industries.
What is realism?
Art showing everyday life and social issues accurately.
What natural resources helped Britain industrialize?
Coal, iron, rivers, and natural harbors.
How did industrialization change social classes?
It expanded the middle class and the working class.
What is utilitarianism?
The belief in the greatest good for the greatest number.
How did germ theory improve health?
It led to cleaner hospitals, hygiene practices, and vaccines.
What was the Social Gospel movement?
A Christian movement focused on helping the poor and social reform.