Inventions
What invention by James Watt greatly improved energy use and powered factories and railroads?
The Steam Engine
Which class benefited most from the Industrial Revolution?
Middle Class
What term describes the movement of people from rural areas to cities during the Industrial Revolution?
Urbanization
What energy source became the most important during the Industrial Revolution, replacing water and wood?
Coal
What was the maximum number of hours children under 18 could work per week under early labor laws in Britain? (40, 50, 70, or 80)
70
What invention allowed factories to spin cotton much faster than by hand?
The spinning jenny
Who described the belief that the poor were responsible for their own struggles because of laziness or immorality?
Middle class
What were factory housing areas in cities often called?
Tenements
What is the term for producing goods in large quantities, often using machines?
Mass production
The Factory Act of 1833 limited what?
Child Labor
What transportation innovation allowed for faster movement of goods across the United States in the 19th century?
Railroads
What happened to the population during the Industrial Revolution due to improved hygiene and medical care?
Population increase
What was one health problem caused by rapid industrialization in urban areas?
Pollution-related illness
What term describes the economic system where private businesses compete to make profits with little government interference?
Capitalism
What was one of the main goals of labor unions during the Industrial Revolution?
To improve wages and/or working conditions.
Which communication device invented during the Industrial Revolution allowed for messages to be sent quickly over long distances?
The telegraph
What was one major drawback of urbanization during the Industrial Revolution?
Overcrowding (packed) or unsanitary (gross)
What type of labor was commonly used in factories, leading to protests and reforms?
Child Labor
What economic system emerged as a response to capitalism and advocated for collective ownership of factories?
Socialism
What is the name of the act that abolished slavery throughout the British Empire in 1833?
Slavery abolition act
What invention created an easier agricultural way for planting?
Seed drill
What was another name for working or lower class?
Proletariat
What was the purpose of the Public Health Act of 1875 in Britain?
To improve sanitation and prevent sewage from contaminating streets.
What was one major industry that grew rapidly during the Industrial Revolution, especially in Britain?
Textile Industry
What phrase describes the idea that governments should not interfere in business practices?
Laissez-faire