Links in chain of infection
6 links in chain of infection
Infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host
What is infection
Invasion and multiplication of a pathogen in the body
Difference in primary and secondary infection
Primary = first infection that occurs in a patient
Secondary = Infection that follows primary infection
Illness
First real signs and symptoms, can end in death if patient immune defenses and medical treatments are ineffective
How long should you wash your hands
20 seconds in non surgical
2-6 minutes in surgical
What is asepsis
Freedom from infection or infectious material
Examples of Reservoir
Human, animals, soil, water, medical equipment, wound, dressings, toilet, sink
Nonsocomial infection
Hospital inquired infection
Difference in Local and systemic
Local = harm in limited region of the body (ex urethra)
Systemic = pathogens invade blood or lymph & spread through body
Incubation
Successful invasion of pathogen. Person is not aware they are infected, can infect others. Might last day, month, or year.
Name some types of PPE
Gloves, mask, shoe covers, goggles, face shield, gowns
What is the difference in medical and surgical asepsis
Medical - reduces/ decreases contamination
Surgical - prevents contamination
Examples of portal of exit and entry
Cough, sneeze, vomit, diarrhea, bodily fluid drainage,Nose, conjunctiva, mouth, urethra, puncture sites, drainge and feeding tubes, wounds
Role of norma flora
aide in digestion, synthasize vitamin K, release B12, thamine and riboflavin
Def Acute infection
rapid onset, lasts short amount of time
Decline
Patients immune defenses and medical treatments reduce # of pathogen microbes, infection declines
Sterile field principals
1 inch margin around drape is unsterile
never turn your back on sterile field
no reaching over sterile field
materials hanging over field are unsterile
When do we use standard precautions?
Possibility of contact with blood or bodily fluids (universal precautions)
Modes of transmission
Direct contact, indirect contact, droplet, airborne
Difference in fomite and vector
Fomite = contaminated object such as keyboard
Vector = organism that carries pathogen
Def Chronic Infection
Develops slowly and lasts for weeks, months, years
Prodrome
First appearance of vague symptoms at onset of illness. Not all illnesses have this stage
Contact Precautions - What to do?
Private room if possible, cohort if same organism
Double bag linen
Clean gown and gloves upon entry
Dispose contaminated items in room
Order for donning PPE
1.Gown –pick up by shoulders, let fall open, does not touch floor, tie at neck, if doesn’t cover clothes in back wear 2 gowns
2.face mask-place over nose, mouth, nose-correct position keeps glasses from fogging
3.face shield or goggles (if needed)
4.Hair and shoe covers if needed
5.Gloves-glove should extend over cuff of gown; no visible skin or tape to cover skin
Factors that contribute to being a susceptible host
Age, chronic illness, compromised immune system, drug and alcohol abuse, multiple sexual partners
Difference in epidemic and pandemic
Epidemic = out break in geographic region or population ( city, state, children, HCP)
Pandemic = exceptionally wide spread (country or worldwide)
Def Latent infection
No symptoms for long periods of time, sometimes decades (HIV)
Convalescence
Tissue repair, healing begins, # of microbs approaches 0, can last days, months, years
Droplet precautions - What to do?
Mask and eye protection within 3ft of client
Private room if possible, cohort if same organism
Double bag linen
Clean gown and gloves upon entry
Dispose contaminated items in room
Order for removing PPE
1.Gloves (b/c most contaminated (so remove 1st to avoid contamination with ‘clean areas’ such as back of gown, ties, inside of gown, etc) (dirty touches dirty/clean touches clean)
2.Gown-release ties, let gown fall forward, slip hands to inside of gown to peel away from shoulders, fold up from inside and discard
3.Goggles
4.Mask/face shield then hair covering then shoe covering
5.Perform hand hygiene
Virulence
power of organism to cause disease
Drug resistant pathogens
MRSA
C-difficille
VRE (vancomyacin)
Exogenous infection vs. Endogenous Infection
Exogenous = pathogen aquired from health care environment
Endogenous = normal flora multiply and cause infection as a result of treatment
Ex of Primary lines of defense
Normal flora, skin, eyes, mouth, gastro tract, respiratory tree
Airborne precautions - What to do?
Special mask, negative air pressure room
Private room if possible, cohort if same organism
Double bag linen
Clean gown and gloves upon entry
Dispose contaminated items in room
Difference in airborne and droplet precautions
Size of droplet or dust particle
Airborne = <5 microns Measles, varicella, TB
Droplet – doesn’t remain suspended in air.
Factors that determine if an organism will infect host.
•Virulence
•Organism’s ability to survive in the host’s environment
•Number of organisms
•Host’s defenses
Normal value of WBC
4,500-10,000 mm3
Bacteremia vs septicemia
Bacteremia – bacteria in blood;
Septicemia – infection spread via blood
Ex of Secondary lines of defense
Phagocytosis, inflammation, fever, White blood cells
Protective Isolation (reverse isolation)
Private room, no carpet, daily wet dusting
Nurse cannot be assigned to patient with infectionsGown gloves mask
No fresh fruit, veggies, plants, flowersRestrict visitors
No standing water in roomWASH YOUR HANDS