Stages of Inflammation
What is the name of the first stage of inflammation?
Vascular and cellular response
What causes the redness (erythema) seen in inflammation?
Increased blood flow to the area
Which cell-derived biochemical mediator causes vasodilation and increased permeability?
Histamine
What term describes a wound pulling apart at its suture lines?
Dehiscence
What is the normal range of total WBC count?
4,500–10,000/mm³
What stage of inflammation is exudate produced?
Stage 2
What are the 5 main clinical manifestations of inflammation?
Redness (erythema), swelling, heat, pain, impaired function
Which two medications work by inhibiting prostaglandin production?
Antipyretics and NSAIDs
What is responsible for dilation, permeability, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and histamine release, and is compromised of over 20 proteins?
Complement system
What treatment is administered immediately in case of anaphylaxis?
Epinephrine or emergency tracheotomy if severe enough
What stage does replacement of lost tissue through proliferation of adjacent undamaged tissue occur?
Stage 3: Healing
What type of healing is seen in wounds in unapproximated edges and is filled with granulation tissue?
Secondary healing
Which mediator is responsible for fever production by acting on the hypothalamus?
Prostaglandins
What does the nursing intervention POLICE stand for?
Protection and optimal loading, ice, compress, elevate
Where is C-reactive protein produced?
Liver
What type of tissue formation occurs if regeneration is not possible?
Fibrous tissue (scar tissue)
What are the three types of exudate?
Serous, purulent, and hemorrhagic
What chemically attracts neutrophils and macrophages and is stored and released by mast cells?
Leukotrienes
What are bands and what is the normal value?
Immature neutrophils and less than 10%
What is the primary laboratory test to determine the presence of nonspecific inflammation?
ESR (Erythrocyte sedimentation rate)
What are the three types of tissue in the healing mechanisms based on their regenerative ability?
Labile, stable, permanent
What vital sign changes are associated with Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)?
Temp >38°C or <36°C, HR >90 bpm, RR >20 or PaCO2 <32, WBC >12,000 or <4,000 or >10% bands
What fatty acid is metabolized to form inflammatory agents like prostaglandins and leukotrienes?
Arachidonic acid
Neutrophils- bacterial
Lymphocytes- viral
Eosinophils- allergic/parasitic
What level of hs-CRP does the AHA indicate as a high risk of developing cardiovascular disease?
>3.0 mg/L