Reception
Unlike the adaptive immune system, whose receptors benefit from mutations to the genome that encode them, the innate immune system relies on these receptors, which are encoded from germline DNA, to recognize non-self.
What are PRRs???
TLRs, CLRs, NLRs, RLRs, CDSs
TNF alpha can cause macrophages to enhance phagocytosis, dendritic cells to mature, neutrophils to have enhanced chemotaxis, and NK cells to have enhanced effector functions — a wide variety of effects — because of the truth in this BIG picture statement about the effects of cytokines.
What is “cytokines affect different cells differently”???
The complement cascade’s terminal creation is this cell-killing pore.
What is MAC?
Extracellular viral RNA and bacterial LPS produce a strong reaction in the innate immune system. This is because these antigens are categorized as these, which are one of the first dominos in the immune response cascade.
What are PAMPs???
Also flagellin
Immune cells magically seem to know where they’re going. In reality it is actually due to this class of molecules.
Chemokines
CXCL8, …
The complement system has many proteins, most of which get digested into 2 fragments with these subtype designations which are typically associated with these effects.
a and b
a are small and inflammatory
b are larger and stay to participate in the next stage
When a cytokine binds the cytokine receptor of an innate immune cell, this signaling pathway ultimately leads to transcription of relevant mRNAs.
What is JAK/STAT???
JAK proteins associate with cytokine receptor. Get phosphorylated when ligand binds, phosphorylates STAT which dimerizes and acts as a transcription factor.
These are the names of all 6 of the effectors functions which are outcomes of innate immune system activation.
What is
i. increased phagocytosis,
ii. digestion of ingested material,
iii. release of intracellular granules
iv. increased expression of lytic molecules
v. release of cytokines and inflammatory mediators
vi. Innate immune cell proliferation
These are the names of the three pathways by which the complement cascade is activated.
Classical - Ab mediated
Alternate - spontaneous deposition
Lectin - mannose-binding lectin
BONUS: where do these paths converge?