Cells
These cells are commonly known as white blood cells
What are leukocytes
These receptors recognize DAMPs and PAMPs
What are pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs)
The primary function of this subgroup of cytokines is to direct the movement of immune cells through tissues
What are chemokines
Blood vessel dilation causes these two visible or perceptible signs at the site of inflammation
What are redness and heat
This branch of immunity responds rapidly and does not require the proliferation of antigen-specific cells during the first encounter
What is innate immunity
These two cell types are the main phagocytic cells found in the blood
What are monocytes and neutrophils
Humans have ten members of this receptor family, all of which contain a TIR domain
What are Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
These cytokines induce an antiviral state in neighboring cells and inhibit viral replication
What are type I interferons
This systemic response during inflammation helps inhibit microbial growth throughout the body
What is fever
These two characteristics distinguish adaptive immunity from innate immunity
What are antigen specificity and immunological memory
This immune cell participates in allergic reactions by releasing histamine
What is a mast cell
These two types of receptors recognize opsonins
What are Fc receptors (FcR) and complement receptors (CR)
This chemokine is particularly effective at recruiting neutrophils to sites of inflammation
What is CXCL8
This system can destroy microbes without the involvement of immune cells by forming pores in their membranes
What is the complement system
During this process, a phagocyte surrounds a microbe with its plasma membrane and forms an intracellular vesicle
What is phagocytosis
This immune cell determines whether to kill a target cell based on the balance between activating and inhibitory signals
What is an NK cell
This cell-surface TLR recognizes lipopolysaccharide from Gram-negative bacteria
What is TLR4
These three cytokines are important in the development of fever and the systemic acute-phase response
What are TNF, IL-1, and IL-6
During this process, leukocytes move from the blood vessel lumen through the endothelium and into inflamed tissue
What is diapedesis aka transmigration
This process coats a microbe with antibodies or complement fragments so that phagocytes can recognize and engulf it more efficiently
What is opsonization
These ILCs participate in the development of lymphoid organs during fetal development
What are LTi cells
These two receptors on leukocytes are required for firm adhesion to the endothelium
What are LFA-1 and Mac-1
Produced by NK cells and Th1 cells, this cytokine activates macrophages and increases their ability to destroy phagocytosed microbes
What is IFN-γ
This multiprotein cytoplasmic complex activates caspase-1, enabling the maturation of IL-1β and IL-18
What is the inflammasome
These three pathways can initiate activation of the complement system
What are the classical, alternative, and lectin pathways