MGA
A child is brought to the emergency room after choking on a small morsel of food. Based on normal lung anatomy, the object is lodged in this location.
What is right main bronchus?
If ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium has changed to stratified squamous epithelium in a patient with a history of chronic smoking and persistent cough and airway congestion.
What is Metaplasia?
This second messenger increases following activation of β₂-adrenergic receptors by albuterol during asthma treatment, leading to bronchodilation.
What is cAMP?
During auscultation of a patient with respiratory symptoms, a physician hears a high-pitched musical sound caused by airway narrowing rather than a low-pitched snoring sound caused by secretions in larger airways. What is this sound called?
What is Wheeze?
During a right lower lobectomy, a surgeon must preserve the middle lobe while removing only the lower lobe. I am the fissure that separates the right middle lobe from the right lower lobe.
What is oblique fissure?
A patient with a pulmonary embolism has areas of the lung that are ventilated but not perfused. What term describes this portion of the lung volume?
What is Dead space?
I am the class of drug prescribed to a patient with COPD to produce bronchodilation by reducing parasympathetic stimulation of airway smooth muscle
What is Muscarinic Anatagonist?
You observe a patient using accessory muscles (sternocleidomastoid/intercostal retraction) to breathe. What does this indicate? During inspection of a patient with shortness of breath, you note sternocleidomastoid muscle use and intercostal retractions.
What is Increased work of breathing or Respiratory distress?
Identify the diagnosis when a newborn is unable to feed, chokes during attempts to swallow milk, and a nasogastric tube cannot be passed into the stomach.
What is Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) with esophageal atresia (Type C)?
I am a functionally important smooth muscle located on the posterior side of the trachea.
What is the trachealis muscle in the trachea?
This ATP-gated chloride channel, defective in cystic fibrosis, normally regulates salt and water movement across epithelial surfaces in the lungs, pancreas, and sweat glands.
What is CFTR?
During inspection you note a barrel-shaped chest with an increased anterior-posterior diameter. This finding is commonly associated with this chronic lung disease.
What is COPD?
Bronchogenic carcinoma in this lobe frequently metastasizes to the opposite side of the lymphatic drainage system.
What is left lower lobe?
A patient develops a spontaneous pneumothorax and loses the force that normally keeps the lungs expanded against the chest wall during inspiration. What is this force called?
What is Negative intrapleural pressure?
Rocuronium belongs to this class of drugs that cause skeletal muscle paralysis by competitively antagonizing nicotinic receptors at the neuromuscular junction.
What is Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocker?
During inspection of the hands, you observe this bulbous enlargement of the distal fingers with loss of the normal nail angle.
What is Clubbing?
A patient with hoarseness is found to have a tumor affecting the hilum of the left lung which compresses this nerve.
What is left recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN)?
I developed in a premature infant who was born at 25 weeks gestation and exhibits labored breathing and low oxygen saturation because some of my cells were absent at birth.
What is Respiratory distress syndrome (hyaline membrane disease)?
A climber spending several weeks at high altitude adapts to chronic hypoxia by increasing the concentration of this red blood cell glycolytic intermediate, which decreases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen and enhances oxygen unloading to tissues.
What is 2,3-BPG?
During percussion of the chest, this finding suggests excess air within the thorax and may be present in a pneumothorax.
What is Hyperresonance?
During a lung examination, a physician identifies a mass in the apex of the right lung with resultant findings of ptosis (drooping eyelid) and miosis (pupil constriction)
What is Pancoast tumor with Horner's syndrome?
A patient with a 40-pack-year smoking history develops a chronic cough. Biopsy of the bronchial epithelium reveals replacement of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stratified squamous epithelium. What histologic adaptation has occurred?
What is metaplasia?
A patient with organophosphate poisoning develops bronchospasm, salivation, lacrimation, urination, and diarrhea due to accumulation of acetylcholine at synapses. Inhibition of this enzyme is responsible for these symptoms.
What is Acetylcholinesterase?
During examination of the neck, you notice this physical finding where the trachea is no longer midline and is shifted toward the patient's right side.
What is Tracheal deviation?
In a patient with bronchogenic carcinoma of the left lower lobe I am the nodes that allow metastatic spread to lymph nodes on the opposite side of the thorax.
What is Inferior Tracheobronchial nodes?
I am seen in abundance with a patient who has diagnosed with heart failure and belong to the macrophage family.
What are Alveolar macrophages (dust cells or heart failure cells) that phagocytose red blood cells that enter the alveoli?
A premature infant born at 28 weeks develops respiratory distress syndrome with alveolar collapse due to deficiency of this dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) containing substance produced by type II pneumocytes that reduces surface tension in the lungs.
What is Surfactant?
This physical examination maneuver involves placing the ulnar edge of the hand on the patient's chest wall while the patient speaks to assess transmission of vocal vibrations.
What is Tactile fremitus?
A surgeon is performing a bronchoscopy and identifies this ridge located at the bifurcation of the trachea into the right and left main bronchi.
What is Carina?
A patient with pulmonary fibrosis has stiff lungs and increased elastic recoil, whereas a patient with emphysema has lungs that are easy to inflate but difficult to empty. Which physiologic property is altered in both conditions?
What is Compliance?
A patient with familial hypercholesterolemia is prescribed atorvastatin. This enzyme, the rate-limiting step in cholesterol synthesis, is the target of statin therapy.
What is HMG-CoA reductase?
During percussion of the chest, this finding suggests that air within the lung has been replaced by fluid or solid tissue.
What is Dullness?
I am caused by a large clot that obstructs a major pulmonary artery, severely impairing pulmonary blood flow.
What is Pulmonary thromboembolism?
We are the structures that air molecules pass through to bind with hemoglobin. I must stay this thin to work effectively.
What are the blood-air barrier, Type I pneumocyte cytoplasm, fused basal laminae, and capillary endothelial cytoplasm that is 0.1 – 1.5 mm thick.
A patient with gout receives allopurinol to reduce uric acid production by inhibiting this enzyme in purine degradation pathway.
What is Xanthine Oxidase?
During auscultation, this breath sound normally heard over the trachea are heard over a peripheral lung field because sound transmission through lung tissue has increased.
What is Bronchial breath sounds?
This condition is seen in a patient with a mass at the apex of the right lung who then develops ptosis and miosis due to compression of the cervical sympathetic chain.
What is Horner syndrome?
The four microscopic layers that oxygen must cross to move from alveolar air into pulmonary capillary blood, collectively forming the blood–air barrier, which is commonly inflamed in pneumonia.
What are Surfactant film, Type I pneumocyte cytoplasm, Fused basal laminae, and Capillary endothelial cytoplasm?
This class of antihypertensive drugs can worsen asthma symptoms by blocking β₂ receptors in the lungs and reducing bronchodilation.
What is Nonselective Beta Blocker?
Increased tactile fremitus through lung tissue is most commonly associated with this process in which alveoli become filled with fluid or inflammatory material.
What is Consolidation?