Body Organization
What is the correct order of body organization from smallest to largest (5 levels) ?
cell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism
What are the three main layers of the skin?
Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
Which tissue type covers body surfaces and lines cavities?
Epithelial
What is the first step of the scientific method?
What is homeostasis, and why is it important for survival?
Homeostasis is the maintenance of stable internal conditions; it keeps the body functioning properly.
Which organ system controls body responses using electrical signals?
Nervous System
What protein in skin provides waterproofing and protection?
Keratin)
Which two tissue types work together to detect and respond to stimuli in the body?
Nervous and muscle tissue.
What is the purpose of having a control group in an experiment?
To provide a baseline for comparison to detect the effect of the independent variable.
How does the integumentary system help maintain homeostasis during exercise?
By sweating and dilating blood vessels to release heat.
Which two organ systems are primarily responsible for maintaining homeostasis?
Nervous and Endocrine
Which system works with the integumentary system to help regulate body temperature?
Circulatory System
You observe tissue with a matrix containing collagen and cells spaced far apart. What kind of tissue is this most likely?
Connective tissue.
In an experiment testing sunscreen effectiveness, identify a dependent variable.
Amount of UV damage to the skin.
How can a mutation in a single cell disrupt homeostasis for the whole body?
It can lead to uncontrolled cell growth (cancer), which can damage tissues and disrupt organ function.
Name one function of the skeletal system other than support.
Protection, blood cell formation, mineral storage, etc.
Which type of gland is associated with hair follicles and secretes oily sebum to keep the skin and hair moisturized?
Sebaceous gland.
Why is epithelial tissue more likely to regenerate quickly compared to other tissues?
It has a high mitotic rate due to constant wear and exposure.
Explain why repeating trials is essential in a scientific investigation.
It increases reliability and helps identify outliers or errors.
Why are rapidly dividing tissues (like skin and gut lining) more vulnerable to carcinogens?
Because more cell divisions increase the chance of DNA replication errors and mutations.
Describe how the muscular and skeletal systems work together to create movement.
Muscles contract and pull on bones to move the body.
Name and describe the correct order of the five layers of the epidermis in thick skin, from deepest to most superficial.
Stratum basale → stratum spinosum → stratum granulosum → stratum lucidum → stratum corneum.
Compare the functions of simple squamous and stratified squamous epithelium based on their structure.
Simple allows diffusion (thin); stratified protects (layered for abrasion resistance).
A study shows a correlation between ice cream sales and sunburns. Why can’t this alone prove causation?
Because a third variable (like temperature) may influence both, showing correlation but not direct cause.
Explain how the failure of cell cycle checkpoints can lead to cancer and threaten homeostasis.
Checkpoints normally prevent damaged cells from dividing. If they fail, mutated cells keep dividing, forming tumors that disrupt organ systems.