Skin
Hair
Nails
Glands and Dermis Stuff
Skin and Sun
Miscellaneous
100
What is the integumentary system?
The integumentary system is the largest organ of the body that forms a physical barrier between the external environment and the internal environment that it serves to protect and maintain. The integumentary system includes the epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, associated glands, hair, and nails.
100
What is a hair follicle?
It's a sac within which each hair grows.
100
What is keratin?
a hard protein material found in the epidermis, hair, and nails. The epithelial cells make it as they die.
100
What are sebaceous glands?
oil glands
100
Is the sunshine more intense closer to or farther away from the equator?
Closer to the equator
100
How do skin, hair, and nails grow?
They all grow at the base.
As new cells are formed at the base, older cells are pushed outward. The older cells die as they are pushed upward because they lose access to the blood supply. As they die, they harden into the outer layer of skin, or your hair and nails.
200
What are the three main layers of the skin?
epidermis, dermis, hypodermis (aka subcutaneous layer)
200
Why doesn't a haircut hurt, but it hurts when you pull your hair?
The cells at the base of the hair shaft are alive. The cells that form the part of your hair that you brush are dead.
200
What is the nail bed?
The portion of the living skin on which the nail plate sits (the pink part under your nail).
200
What is sebum?
oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands
200
What is microevolution?
Small changes within a species, especially over a short period, such as skin color or eye shape. This is observable and is supported by both Creation scientists and evolutionists.
200
What is carotene?
the yellow pigment of the skin; found in orange-colored vegetables
300
What is adipose tissue, and which layer has it?
Tissue that is made up of fat cells; in skin, the hypodermis/subcutaneous layer is made up of adipose tissue.
300
What are the arrestor pilli?
tiny muscle fibers attached to the hair follicles that cause the hair to stand erect when you are cold or frightened; responsible for "goosebumps"
300
What is the nail plate?
the hard part of the nail
300
sebaceous glands are almost always found next to...?
a hair follicle
300
What is macroevolution?
It's large-scale evolutionary changes that take place over long periods of time - the theoretical change of one species into a different species. This has never been observed and goes against God's Creation of "kinds" of creatures in the book of Genesis.
300
What causes a bruise?
an injury where blood vessels in the skin are broken, but the skin is not cut or opened
400
What does the subcutaneous layer do?
stores fats, insulates and cushions the body, and regulates temperature
400
What is the matrix of the hair follicle?
The matrix is at the base of the follicle. It is the site of hair growth. The cells in the matrix divide, creating new hair cells that push the older cells outward.
400
What is the cuticle of the nail?
It's a band of epidermis at the base and sides of the nail plate
400
What are sweat glands, and where are they located?
The glands that secrete sweat, located in the dermal layer of the skin.
400
What is melanin?
It's a dark brown to black pigment occurring in the hair, skin, and iris of the eye in people and animals. It is responsible for tanning of skin exposed to sunlight.
400
What is a blister? Should you pop it?
It's a bubble-like collection of fluid beneath or within the epidermis of the skin; it is created by the skin to cushion and protect the damaged epidermis below. Blisters go away on their own as the epidermis heals; don't pop them
.
500
What is the hypodermis?
Another name for the subcutaneous layer
500
What happens to old hair cells?
The dead cells make up the shaft of the hair as they are pushed out of the follicle.
500
What are the nail folds?
Skin flap overlapping nail's borders
500
What does sweat do?
helps you cool off when you get too hot through evaporation
500
How does melanin protect the skin?
It absorbs ultraviolet radiation in sunlight, preventing it from causing mutations in DNA of the skin cells.
500
What is carotenemia?
yellow-orange color in light-skinned persons from large amounts of foods containing carotene
600
What does the epidermis do?
Protects dermis from trauma, chemicals
Prevents water loss
Prevents entry of germs
Makes vitamin D3
Sensory receptors detect touch, pressure, pain, and temperature
Coordinates immune response to pathogens and skin cancers
600
What is the anagen phase of hair growth?
development of a new shaft of hair comes from hair bulb; growth stops at end of this phase and thus, determines hair length
600
What is the lunula?
The half-moon-shaped, whitish area at the base of a nail
600
What are Messiner's corpuscles?
Meissner’s corpuscles are nerve endings that are sensitive to pressure. They can help you sense two different pressure points on your skin at the same time.
600
Why do people with darker skin usually live near the equator?
People living near the equator receive more direct sunlight. Over time, they have evolved (MICROevolution) to create darker skin to protect them from burning and certain skin cancers. People living in far northern areas tend to have lighter skin because their ancestors didn't need to make as much melanin to protect them from the sun.
600
What is heat exhaustion, and what are its symptoms?
It's a condition resulting from exposure to heat and excessive loss of fluid through sweating. Symptoms include:
heavy sweating
pale skin
muscle cramps, tiredness
weakness
dizziness
headache
nausea/vomiting
fainting
700
What is the dermis and what does it do?
It's the middle layer of the skin; it contains many glands and hair follicles. It nourishes the epidermis, and provides strength through connective tissue.
700
What is the catagen phase of hair growth?
period of transition between anagen and telogen phases
700
What is the nail matrix?
the part of the nail beneath the body and root from which the nail is produced
700
What are Pacinian corpuscles?
Sensory tissue that responds to deep pressure and vibration
700
What are melanocytes?
cells that produce melanin
700
What is heat stroke?
a condition marked by fever and often by unconsciousness, caused by failure of the body's temperature-regulating mechanism when exposed to excessively high temperatures.
800
What is the epidermis, and what does it do?
The epidermal layer is the protective layer of your skin. It protects you from germs and protects all the layers beneath it.
The epidermis is waterproof and keeps just the right amount of water inside.
Most of the cells in the outer layer of the epidermis are dead. The living cells are at the bottom of the epidermis, near the blood vessels. They grow and divide to create new skin.
800
What is the telogen phase of hair growth?
Maxium hair length is achieved, hair stops growing, hair follicle shortens, and hair is held in a resting phase
800
What are free nerve endings?
Free nerve endings have dendrites in the dermis that are stimulated by heat, cold, pain, itch, tickle, or skin movement.
800
What is an albino?
It's a person or animal with skin deficient in pigment (melanin)
800
What two proteins make skin elastic?
collagen and elastin
900
How long does the cell cycle take in the epidermis?
The entire cycle from cell division to cell death takes about 3-4 weeks.
900
What is the cuticle of a hair?
It's a tough, clear outside covering of the hair shaft. 
900
How is the sun good for your skin?
Your skin uses certain rays from the sun to process vitamin D into a form that your body can use. About 20 minutes a day of sun exposure in a swimsuit (more if you only expose your arms and legs) provides the right amount of vitamin D.
900
How do wrinkles form?
-loss of elasticity
-thinning skin
-lack of moisture
1000
What are epithelial cells?
They are skin cells that produce the epidermis and line the internal surfaces of organs.
1000
What is the cortex?
It's the middle layer of the hair shaft that provides strength and color; compromises most of the hair mass.
1000
How is the sun bad for your skin?
The sun also produces a kind of very high-energy light called ultraviolet light (UV light). You cannot see this light, but it has so much energy that it can actually kill skin cells. It can also damage the DNA of a cell's nucleus, which can result in skin cancer.
1000
Why do old skin, hair, and nail cells die?
The older cells produce a lot of keratin and lose access to the blood supply as they are pushed out. Because of these changes, they die.
1100
Why do your fingers wrinkle after a bath?
The epidermis has a layer of oil that keeps your skin moist, but it also protects it from too much water getting in.
When you're in the bath for a long time, the oil is washed away. Water molecules from the bath can then seep into the epithelial cells, causing them to swell. The swelling is uneven, and the skin puckers, causing wrinkled fingers!
1100
What is the medulla?
It's the the spongy anterior core of hair that gives it flexibilty; appears as a canal in the middle of the shaft.
1100
What problems can too much sun damage cause?
Too much sun can cause your skin to burn, blister and peel. Repeat exposures like this can cause skin cancer and wrinkles.
1100
How is hair keratin different from skin keratin?
Hair keratin is different than skin keratin. It is called hard keratin. Your hair is harder and less flexible than your skin.
1200
What are cleavage lines, and how do they affect how a cut heals?
Cleavage lines are collagen and elastic fibers in the dermis.
These dermal patterns are like deep, thin canyons that run all over your body.
If a person gets cut and the injury runs parallel (along side of) a cleavage line, there probably will not be a scar.
If the injury cuts across a cleavage line, there will probably be a scar.
1200
What causes straight or curly hair?
The shape of your hair follicle determines if your hair will be straight or curly.
Straight hair grows out of round follicles.
Wavy hair is made by oval follicles.
Curly hair is produced by flatter, oval-shaped follicles.
1200
What are fingerprints, and how are they used?
...the tiny raised spiral and concentric patterns called ridges found on the tip of each finger
... dermal indentations on the tips of your fingers.
... unique to you! Nobody else has fingerprint patterns exactly like yours!
... used by police to solve crimes, since each person's fingerprints are unique!
1300
What are Langer's lines?
Another name for cleavage lines
1300
What are hair follicle receptors?
Hair follicle receptors are also called the root hair plexus. These are dendrites that are wrapped around the root of a hair and can sense when the hair moves.
1300
What are the three types of fingerprints?
1400
What are general senses?
General senses are senses that happen all over your body. The general senses are pain, temperature, touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception (where your body is located in space).