Skin Layers
How many epidermal layers are found in the skin of your eyelid?
4 layers
protein substance found in both hair and nails
keratin
name the 3 types of skin cancer beginning with the one with the worst prognosis to the one with the best prognosis at the time of diagnosis
melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma
This type functions in thermoregulation
eccrine (merocrine) sweat gland
stratum corneum has 15-20 layers of dead, keratinized cells
What skin function is being alluded to by this?
physical barrier
the epidermal layer where keratinization and apoptosis begin
stratum granulosum
matrix
name 5 skin conditions that are manifested as a change in normal skin tone or color and briefly explain the cause of each
cyanosis = low oxygenation of blood
pallor = superficial vasoconstriction or anemia
carotederma = high levels of beta carotene in blood
jaundice = high levels of bilirubin in blood
erythema = reddening of the skin usually due to an allergic reaction
2 similarities between apocrine sweat and sebaceous glands
begin activity at around puberty
associated with hair
exocrine glands
multicellular glands
briefly explain the metabolic function of skin
sun exposure converts one form of vitamin D to a more useful form of vitatin D
the correct order of these layers beginning with deepest to most superficial layer:
spinosum, lucidum, corneum, granulosum, basale
basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum
very small skeletal muscle attached to each hair follicle
no such muscle exists
Name 3 differences between 2nd degree and 4th degree burns
1. partial skin burn vs complete skin burn
2. painful vs not painful
3. muscle or bones hidden vs muscle or bones exposed
apocrine sweat glands
what conditions bring about vasoconstriction and what conditions bring about vasodilation?
cold --> vasoconstriction
hot --> vasodilation
feature shared by the epidermis and cartilage
both are avascular
three parts of a nail from most distal to most proximal
free edge, nail plate, nail root
what do the letters ABCD stand for and how is this useful in skin cancer
A asymmetry (more asymmetrical the worse it is)
B border (the more uneven or indented it is the worse it is)
C color (having many colors is worse)
D diameter (the larger it is the worse it is)
Name and differentiate the two types of perspiration
sensible perspiration (sweating as we know it)
insensible perspiration (we are not conscious of this)
dendritic (Langerhans) cells are found in the epidermis and macrophages are present in the dermis
what skin function is being alluded to by this?
biological barrier
dermal layer containing dense, irregular connective tissue
reticular layer
hyponychium
define the rule of nines and explain its significance
body divided into 11 regions each given a value of 9% of total body area
used to rapidly evaluate the extent and severity of burns on a body
location where openings of the eccrine (merocrine) sweat ducts are found
top of the epidermal ridges
explain the role of skin in cutaneous sensation
tactile Merkel cells in the epidermis and other nerve endings in the dermis allow us to detect external stimuli and react appropriately to them