Federalism
This system is also called “layer cake” federalism and keeps state and national powers mostly separate.
dual federalism
These permanent congressional groups specialize in areas of policy.
standing committees
This doctrine says the president can do anything not specifically forbidden by the Constitution.
stewardship doctrine
This congressional power gives lawmakers control over government spending and the budget.
power of the purse
These are the everyday government workers hired through merit, not politics.
civil service
This case said states could not interfere when Congress legitimately exercises its powers.
McCulloch v. Maryland
This temporary committee works out differences between House and Senate versions of a bill.
conference committee
This presidential tool uses media attention to pressure the public and Congress.
bully pulpit
This presidential power can reject proposed legislation passed by Congress.
veto
This old hiring system gave government jobs based on loyalty and favors.
spoils system
This type of federalism is also called “marble cake” federalism and stresses shared power.
cooperative federalism
This model says representatives should vote the way the people in their district want.
delegate model
These agreements with foreign nations do not need Senate ratification.
executive agreements
This branch can declare acts of Congress or executive actions unconstitutional.
judicial branch
This term describes rules created by executive agencies under authority delegated by Congress.
administrative law
This case said the commerce power is not unlimited and recognized state sovereignty and local control.
United States v. Lopez
This model says representatives should use their own informed judgment when voting.
trustee model
This theory says the president has only the powers specifically listed in Article II.
literalist doctrine
Only this branch has the constitutional power to declare war.
Legislative (Congress)
These agencies can make rules and decide violations, giving them quasi-legislative and quasi-judicial powers.
independent agencies
In this system, the federal government has broad resources and jurisdiction, but policy may be less tailored to state needs.
cooperative federalism
Congress must give this kind of framework when delegating authority to the executive branch.
intelligible principle
This controversial theory says the president has nearly total control over the executive branch.
unitary executive theory
Congress can do this to a presidential veto with a two-thirds vote of each house.
override a veto
This term describes when industries end up controlling the agencies meant to regulate them.
bureaucratic capture