Foundations
Communication comes from this Latin word meaning "to share."
What is communicare (to share)?
This type of communication uses spoken or written words.
What is verbal communication?
This type of communication occurs between people from different cultural backgrounds.
What is intercultural communication?
Talking to yourself or writing in a diary is this type of communication.
What is intrapersonal communication?
This Society and Culture concept best explains why the same hand gesture may have different meanings in Australia and Iran.
What is culture?
Without these three elements, communication cannot occur.
What are the sender, the medium and the recipient?
According to many communication researchers, this type of communication carries most of the emotional impact.
What is non-verbal communication?
According to Erin Meyer, cultures that expect listeners to "read between the lines" are described as this.
What are high-context cultures?
A conversation between two friends is this type of communication.
What is interpersonal communication?
This course concept explains why Zoom rapidly became a dominant communication medium during COVID-19.
What are technologies?
This process describes how a sender converts ideas into words, symbols or gestures.
What is encoding?
This category of non-verbal communication refers to body movement, posture and facial expressions.
What is kinesics?
According to Meyer, Australia is generally closer to this communication style, where messages are explicit and direct.
What is low-context communication?
A classroom discussion or family meeting is an example of this.
What is small-group communication?
Paul Ekman identified these seven universally recognised facial expressions.
What are anger, disgust, fear, surprise, happiness, sadness and contempt?
This process occurs when the receiver interprets the message.
What is decoding?
Pitch, volume, pauses and tone all belong to this category of communication.
What is vocalics (paralanguage)?
An Italian businessperson using expressive gestures while a Japanese colleague communicates indirectly demonstrates this challenge.
What is cross-cultural misunderstanding?
A Prime Minister delivering a televised address to Australia is this form of communication.
What is public communication?
Judee Burgoon identified this non-verbal category as relating to personal space.
What is proxemics?
communication often fails because this process is influenced by culture, experiences and assumptions rather than language alone.
What is the interpretation (decoding) of meaning?
When someone says "I'm fine" while avoiding eye contact and speaking in a flat tone, Ekman and Friesen would describe this as non-verbal communication doing this.
What is contradicting the verbal message?
So would argue that communication difficulties between cultures arise not simply because of language differences, but because of differences in these shared systems.
What are beliefs, values, norms and cultural expectations?
A multinational company using celebrity endorsements to influence consumers demonstrates communication operating at this level of society.
What is the macro level?
some would conclude that communication is a complex social process because meaning is shaped by these four factors.
What are culture, context, technology and individual interpretation?