Geography
This river is west of the Tigris in Mesopotamia
What is the Euphrates River?
This characteristic of civilization gave people shared beliefs, ceremonies, and ways to explain the world.
What is religion?
This Mesopotamian writing system used wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets.
What is cuneiform?
This government has one ruler, usually a king or queen.
What is a monarchy?
This word means extra food beyond what people need.
What is a surplus?
This Egyptian ruler stood at the top of the social pyramid.
Who is the pharaoh?
This river is east of the Euphrates and flows toward the Persian Gulf.
What is the Tigris River?
The belief in more than one god or many gods is called...
What is polytheism?
This farming tool helped Mesopotamians prepare more land for planting
What is the plow?
This is a self-governing Sumerian city and the land around it.
What is a city-state?
This kind of trade exchanges goods or services without money
What is barter?
These high-ranking Egyptians served religious roles and helped lead society below the pharaoh.
Who are nobles and priests?
This sea lies east of Egypt and the Sinai Peninsula.
What is the Red Sea?
Mesopotamians believed their gods controlled storms, rivers, and rainfall. These are examples of...
What are forces of nature (natural forces)?
This famous Mesopotamian story is identified as the oldest written epic.
What is the Epic of Gilgamesh?
This Akkadian ruler conquered many independent Sumerian city-states.
Who is Sargon of Akkad?
These artificial waterways carried river water to fields farther inland.
What are irrigation canals?
These people grew crops and performed manual work below the nobles and priests.
Who are farmers and laborers?
This broad river mouth spreads into branches before reaching the Mediterranean Sea.
What is the Nile Delta?
This stepped temple stood near the center of a Mesopotamian city and served as a place for religious worship.
What is a ziggurat?
Early humans used this discovery to cook food, stay warm, and protect themselves from dangerous animals.
What is fire?
This type of state controls multiple peoples or territories, unlike a single independent city-state.
What is an empire?
This Nile resource was deposited by floods and made farmland more fertile.
What is silt?
This work role kept written records and laws in early civilizations.
Who are scribes?
This region is SOUTH of Lower Egypt, even though its name sounds as if it should be north.
What is Upper Egypt?
Egyptians preserved the bodies of the dead through this process because they believed the body was needed in the afterlife
What is mummification?
Early farmers began growing crops and raising animals for human use. This process is called...
What is domestication?
This Babylonian king had a public set of laws carved on a stone pillar.
Who is Hammurabi?
When farms grew extra grain, these non-farming jobs expanded, including pottery, weaving, and toolmaking.
What are specialized jobs (labor specialization)?
This factor largely determined an Egyptian person’s rank in the social hierarchy.
What is occupation (or job)?
This desert lies to the WEST of Egypt’s Nile River.
What is the Sahara?
Egyptians built these massive structures as royal tombs to protect pharaohs’ bodies and belongings for the afterlife
What are pyramids?
This discovery of a largely intact royal tomb gave historians evidence of Egyptian life and beliefs.
What is the tomb of Tutankhamun?
In Hammurabi’s Code, this characteristic could cause the penalty for a similar injury to change.
What is social class?
This Egyptian system helped farmers anticipate the annual flooding season and plan planting.
What is a calendar?
This is the social class system that ranks people based on jobs, roles, or status.
What is social structure (social hierarchy)?
Hunter-gatherers moved to new places as the seasons changed mainly to find this.
What are available food sources (plants and animals)?
The Egyptian practices of mummification and placing goods in tombs were based on belief in this kind of existence after death.
What is the afterlife?
Writing, government, and social structure helped early civilizations do these three things.
What are keeping records, enforcing rules, and organizing jobs?
This explains why Sargon’s realm was an empire: it included more than one of these.
What are conquered peoples or territories?
Extra harvests reduced the share of people who had to farm, helping these two activities expand.
What are craftwork and trade?
This important Egyptian ruler held religious, government, and military authority.
Who is the pharaoh?
Once people began farming, these sources of fresh water attracted early permanent settlements.
What are rivers?
Both Mesopotamians and Egyptians believed in many gods. Explain ONE way those beliefs influenced daily life or buildings in either civilization.
What is: Mesopotamians worshipped at ziggurats and prayed for help with nature; OR Egyptians mummified the dead and built pyramids because they believed in an afterlife?
Historians use this abbreviation before a date when the exact year is unknown.
What is circa (c.)?
A law punishes a noble and a commoner differently for similar injuries; this is the broader conclusion.
What is unequal justice based on social class?
Describe the chain linking larger harvests to city growth in Sumer.
What is surplus → specialized workers → more trade → larger cities?
The Agricultural Revolution allowed families to stay in one place rather than move seasonally. These communities developed as a result.
What are permanent settlements (villages)?