Core Concepts
In one sentence, what is international development?
Improving people’s living standards (income, health, education, security), often involving international actors.
What does “GDP per capita” measure?
Average economic output/income per person in a country.
Which UN body focuses on development and supports countries in achieving the SDGs: the United Nations Development Programme or the United Nations Security Council?
UNDP
What does “export-led growth” mean?
Growing the economy by producing goods/services mainly for export markets.
Q: What do the letters SDGs stand for?
Sustainable Development Goals.
Development is not only GDP growth. Name two other dimensions of development mentioned in the presentation.
Human/social (health, education, life expectancy) / Political (stability, governance, rights) / Environmental (sustainability, resilience).
Development is measured by GDP per capita + one other key index. Name that index.
HDI (UNDP Human Development Index).
“Foreign Assistance” slide, list two types of aid mentioned.
Bilateral aid; Multilateral aid; Private aid (any two)
What is the main goal of import substitution (ISI) in one sentence?
Build domestic industries by reducing reliance on imports using protection like tariffs/subsidies.
Name all four “Asian Tigers/Dragons."
South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong.
In one sentence: what does interdependence mean in development and IR?
Countries’ development outcomes are linked through trade, debt, investment, and institutions—so one country’s shocks/policies affect others.
HDI combines three dimensions. Name them.
Health, education, and income.
What is the difference between bilateral aid and private aid? (One line each.)
Bilateral aid = government-to-government aid;
Private aid = from NGOs/foundations/private actors.
Import Substitution (ISI): What is the “infant industry” idea in one sentence?
Protect new local industries with tariffs/subsidies until they become competitive.
“Thailand: the fifth tiger?” Give one reason listed for why it lagged behind.
Political instability/coup d’état; 1997 Asian Financial Crisis; more foreign dependency.
According to your deck, international development outcomes are shaped by both domestic and international forces. Name two cross-border forces listed.
Trade / finance / aid / institutions.
Why can GDP growth be misleading if inequality rises at the same time? (Answer in one sentence.)
Average income can rise while many people don’t benefit—so living standards don’t improve broadly.
What is the DAC, and what is its basic role in development?
Development Assistance Committee; coordinates/sets standards among major donor countries for development assistance.
Export-led growth: what is one key advantage and one key risk?
Advantage: earn hard currency by selling into global markets;
Risk: vulnerability to global market crashes/external shocks.
According to the China slide, what was one “dark side” / problem mentioned alongside rapid growth?
Pollution OR inequality OR corruption OR rising wages (any one).
A country doubles its GDP in 10 years, but life expectancy does not change. Based on your slide prompt, is it fully “development”? Explain in 1 line.
Not fully—development includes human/social outcomes, not only GDP.
Give one development outcome that would improve “human/social development” even if GDP stayed the same.
Better school enrollment/education, reduced infant mortality, improved access to healthcare, higher life expectancy.
Sending food isn’t “real help.” According to the quote, what is real help—and why?
Tools/inputs like ploughs, tractors, fertilisers, dams, factories—because they build long-term productive capacity instead of short-term dependency.
The Albania case shows an extreme form of ISI. What was the model called, and what was one major failure point?
Total autarky; failure point examples: ignoring comparative advantage / technological stagnation / capital wasted on bunkers.
Albania tried “total autarky.” Give one reason from the slide for why this approach failed.
Ignored comparative advantage; technological stagnation; capital wasted (e.g., bunkers); isolation limited growth (any one).