First Ideas about Comm
Psychologist William Schutz (1966) developed interpersonal needs theory, which asserts that we create and sustain relationships to meet three basic needs. What are they?
1. Affection—the desire to give and receive love and liking
2. Inclusion—the desire to be social and to be included in groups
3. Control—the desire to influence the people and events in our lives
What are the three phases of perception?
Selection, organization, interpretation
The _____ arises in communication with ________.
self; others
We use symbols to __________experiences, people, relationships, feelings, and thoughts.
define
What does equivocal mean?
Having more than one definition
What are the five levels of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?
Physical
Safety
Belonging
Self-esteem
Self-actualization
___________ is a theory that states that we organize and interpret experience by applying cognitive structures called schemata.
Constructivism
Particular others provide _____________ by labeling us and our behaviors.
direct definitions
Language can reflect and shape perceptions; language can be loaded. This describes which symbolic ability of language?
Language evaluates
Identify and define two of the four cognitive schemata.
Prototypes represent the clearest or most representative example of some category, such as a particular group of people, places, objects, activities, relationships, or events.
Personal constructs are “mental yardsticks” that we use to measure a person or situation along a bipolar dimension of judgment.
Stereotypes are generalizations about people and situations that allow us to predict another person’s likely behavior.
Scripts are guides for action. They consist of sequences of activities that are expected of us and others in particular situations.
_______________ occurs when we recognize and understand an individual’s unique characteristics as well as open ourselves completely to this person.
I-Thou communication
What are prototypes?
The representation of the clearest or most representative example of some category, such as a particular group of people, places, objects, activities, relationships, or events.
Reflected appraisal is...
our perception of others’ views about us. How we think others appraise us affects how we see ourselves.
We can use symbols to think ____________ or beyond concrete situations.
abstractly/hypothetically
Define self-disclosure.
Intentionally revealing information about ourselves to another person that they are unlikely to discover in other ways.
__________ addressed the “listeners as passive recipients” weakness in linear models by adding feedback to the communication process.
Interactive models
Identify and define one of the two common attributional errors we discussed.
1) A self-serving bias occurs when we take excessive personal credit for our successes and assume someone or something else is responsible for our poor performances.
2) A fundamental attribution error occurs when we overestimate the internal causes and underestimate the external causes of others’ undesirable behaviors or when we overestimate the external causes and underestimate the internal causes of our undesirable behaviors.
The generalized other reflects...
the views that others in a society generally hold.
Language allows for self-reflection; this occurs through two functions--what are they?
Monitor communication
Manage self-image
What is the difference between content meaning and relational meaning?
a.Content meanings are literal or denotative.
b.Relationship meanings are what communication expresses about the relationship between communicators.
Identify and define two of the types of noise.
Physical
Psychological
Physiological
Semantic
Identify and define three of the guidelines for improving perception and communication.
1) All perceptions are partial and subjective
2) Avoid mind reading
3) Check perceptions with others
4) Distinguish between facts and inferences
5) Guard against the self-serving bias6) Avoid the fundamental attribution error
7) Monitor labels
How are the perspectives of the generalized other communicated?
Through 1) media, 2) institutions (religion, education, marriage, social media), 3) individuals who have internalized or reflect cultural values.
Symbols have three qualities. What are they?
Arbitrary, abstract, ambiguous
What was your favorite activity so far?
Yeah!