Ribosomes
What type of RNA constitutes the ribosome complex?
What is the function of the nucleoid?
An area within the prokaryotic cell that contains the genomic material?
What are plasmids?
Extrachromosomal DNA.
What is the organism said to be the closest living relative LUCA?
What is Lokiarchaeum?
What are some examples of why we should care about protists?
Decomposers of the nutrient cycle, they are bacteriovorous, symbiotic relations with ruminants and insect, oxygen producers, organic matter for chemoorganotrophic organisms.
What is the Svedberg unit for eukaryotic ribosomes?
80S
What is the major difference between the nucleus and nucleoid?
The nucleoid has no nuclear envelope whereas the nucleus does.
How are plasmids unique from chromosomal DNA?
They can replicated independently.
In the 1950s, what type of DNA was discovered in a eukaryotic cell? What did scientists eventually discover?
Cytoplasmic DNA (where mitochondria reside) was discovered, but it was later identified as mitochondrial and had a similar circular like bacterial chromosomes.
Tell me the structures that are present in most protists.
Cytoplasm that is further differentiated into the ectoplasm and endoplasm. The pellicle that is similar in function to the cell wall. Contractile vacuoles that act to expel water to combat ion influx. Phagocytic vacuoles that function to uptake particles for nutrients and feeding.
What is the Svedberg unit for prokaryotic ribosomes?
70S
What is the similarity in storage mechanisms between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA centers?
Both utilize supercoiling, such as nucleosomes, to condense and package the super-long genome.
What is the mechanism by which episomes, a type of plasmid, integrate into another chromosome?
Integration via recombination, meaning it must cleave peptide bonds and insert itself into the chromosome.
What were other connections scientists made between mitochondria and bacteria?
Binary fission, 70S ribosomes, and similar size to gram-negative bacteria.
Cysts.
Draw on a whiteboard a mRNA molecule that has ribosomes translating the sequence into a polypeptide (this is for Chris to do):
Which ribosome has been on the mRNA the longest? Which gene has been translated the longest?
The ribosome that is closest to the 3' end and the gene that is furthest from the ribosome.
Describe the shape of the nucleoid chromosome.
Circular and double-stranded.
What is another mechanism that transfers genetic information across bacteria?
Transduction via a bacteriophage.
What is hypothesized to be the host for ancestral cyanobacteria?
A primordial eukaryotic cell with an endosymbiotic proteobacterium.
What are bacterial cell walls made up of compared to fungal cell walls?
Bacteria used peptidoglycan versus the chitin found in fungal walls. Chitin is filamentous and also is composed of NAG.
How can humans take advantage of the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes?
Make different antibiotics that target these specific structures.
How long do nucleic acid messengers need to wait (immediately after transcription) in the nucleoid before translation happens (in prokaryotes)?
They do not need to wait. Translation happens while transcription is ongoing in prokaryotic cells.
A brown bacterium has grown congruent lawns on a petri dish. When exposed to harsh chemicals such as bleach, the colonies in the immediate vicinity die overnight. The lab worker did not practice aseptic technique and discovered two different colored colonies the next day. The brown colony has now covered the entire petri dish. Explain what happened.
The lab worker accidentally exposed the original bacterium colonies to another bacterium capable of resisting or metabolizing the sodium hypochlorite found in household bleach. The genetic DNA encoding for those metabolic capabilities was stored in a plasmid integrated into the original bacterium's genome. In the end, the original outcompetes the new bacterium
What other types of mitochondria have evolved and how many endosymbiotic events need to have occurred?
Mitosome, Aerobic mitochondria, Hydrogenosome, Anaerobic mitochondria, and more. It only takes a single engulfment and endosymbiotic event for a new mitochondrial type to appear.
What fungal disease has been responsible for killing a ton of amphibian species, causing an inability to breathe and regulate osmolarity?
Chytrid.