CH 1 COMMDIS
What are pragmatics?
¨Pragmatics is the study of the rules of language usage in social situations.
Give an example of a primary AND secondary English dialect.
primary:American English, General Canadian English, Australian English, New Zealand English, South African English
2ndary: Hispanic/spanish, Asian and Native American influenced English
What is 1 example of preverbal behaviors?
babbling
What is the MOST important emergent literacy experience for young children?
Adults/older siblings who read & write regularly in front of the child
Adults/older siblings who read storybooks to children regularly
What are the different cuing systems used while reading?
Graphophonic
Syntactic
Semantic
Pragmatic
How are communication and language different?
Language allows for communication of ideas that other forms of communication can not match, including ideas that are:
¤Complex/Distant in time and space/Abstract
¤Linguistic definition: Language is “a system of symbols and codes used in communication.”
¤ASHA’s definition: Language is a complex and dynamic system of conventional symbols that is used in various modes for thought and communication
What are 3 factors that affect group membership and its affect on dialect.
age, peer group, gender
What are the basic components of a language assessment?
Components include:
}case history and interview
}orofacial exam and hearing screenings
}observation and measurement of language
}assessment report
What is emergent literacy and why is it important in literacy acquisition?
Emergent literacy includes earliest-observed skills/behaviors from which later reading & writings skills are shaped.
Preschoolers exhibit these certain skills, which provide a foundation for reading & writing.
Parents/educators/SLP can be taught to recognize/reinforce these early skills
many routinely do this without being taugh
What 3 things do constructivist make sure to consider when planning language therapy?
real meaning-making practices
used for real purposes
in naturalistic contexts
What are the 3 parts of a language base/system and their corresponding components?
1- Form: phonology, morphology, syntax
2- content: semantics
3-use: pragmatics
Dialects refer to which aspects of LANGUAGE?
morphological, semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic
Dialect refers to phonological, morphological, semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic differences in language
Provide 3 examples of pragmatic problems a child with a language disorder may demonstrate.
}might acquire some language structures but not use them appropriately in social situations
}poor discourse skills
}may respond to questions but doesn’t ask them or initiate conversation
}lack of turn taking
}lack of topic maintenance
}may interrupt with irrelevant information
}poor narrative skills
What is the difference btw oral and written language acquisition?
Both are intended to impact others BUT speaking does so more immediately than literacy
¡Speaking requires contingent social interaction
¡Speaking therefore precedes reading & writing because it is more concrete=immediate social reinforcement
REMEMBER- GOOD literacy ‘instruction’ will provide these same social cues/reinforcement at first
Interrelated skills because literacy skills are language skills; good oral language skills are a prerequisite for reading and writing.
The idea 'that the repetition of a task,
with the right reinforcement for each trial,
improved performance' is from which theoretical perspective?
behaviorism
About 1 percent of the world population has autism spectrum disorder. This statistic gives us information on the disorder's _______. Fill in the blank.
prevalence
Prevalence: # of individuals (% of population) that CURRENTLY have a particular disorder/disease
Incidence: # of new cases that are likely to emerge in a population within a specified period
What are two major legal victories for the 'language differences not disorders' advocates and what legislation change did they prompt.
Lau v. Nichols: Schools must provide meaningful education to non-English speaking students or be found in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act
Ann Arbor School District: Teachers/schools/districts that do not demonstrate understanding of or sensitivity to AAE may be found in violation of Section 107(f) of Title 20 of the U.S. Code
Out of the 2 measurements used for a language assessment discussed in your textbook, which is the most authentic and why?
assess the child’s language skills by watching the child’s interactions with their loved ones, recording a language sample, and administering standardized tests
}standardized tests are convenient to sample expressive language and receptive language skills but these have MANY limitations and flaws
}language sampling is time consuming but it allows the child to speak as freely and naturally as possible
Why is it important to inquire about/observe a child's home literacy environment when completing a literacy assessment?
Interview parents & the child about the literacy resources/parents’ literacy behaviors (these may promote or impede emergent & conventional literacy skills in the child)
Determine if the child’s literacy skills are a reflection of their home environment (literacy resources, parental role-modeling, direct early teaching)
much like a language difference vs disorder- have they had the proper exposure and opportunities to acquire it naturally
How do constructivists believe language is acquired?
cognitive structures constructed within the individual through active engagement in their world
some initial “starting capacity” in humans that is then progressively constructed
constructed via a process of taking input and modifying it to meet one’s cultural/cognitive perspective
All of a sudden, at age 3, Bobby lost interest in 'talking' with his family and friends. His parents report that he was developing normally before then.
What would be the etiology, age of onset, and descriptive type of communication disorder that Bobby (most likely) has?
etiology: functional, age of onset:acquired, descriptive type:lang. disorder
Etiology (what caused the difficulties)
¤Organic – known, neurophysiological, cause
¤Functional – unknown cause
nIdiopathic – of unknown origin
¨Age of onset (when the difficulties began)
¤Congenital – discovered at birth (or shortly after)
¤Acquired – if there is a period normal comm. prior to onset of disorder
¨Descriptive (types of difficulties experienced)**
¤Voice / Articulation / Language / Fluency / Hearing
Is a language difference a disorder? Provide an explanation why or why not.
Individuals should not be diagnosed with a communication disorder simply because of a dialectical difference
To qualify for diagnosis, an individual must demonstrate disordered speech-language within the system of the dialect they speak
Why do pediatricians ask parents if their 18-month-olds produce at least 50 words? What is the next important step in language acquisition that happens around this age?
To gauge that the child is ready to move on to 2-word combinations-Word combinations appear around the age of 18 months.
}This is the beginning of syntax.
}though two-word utterances are not grammatically complete sentences
Name a reading activity that behaviorists would use and a reading activity constructivist would use.
phonological awareness
reading books
What is ZPD and how would a constructivist use it during/in planning a language therapy session?
Making sure the real, authentic, meaningful activities are at the appropriate level so that they child is both challenge but not overwhelmed/knowing that the therapist is there to model/mediate/scaffold for them