Group Dynamics+ Comparison
What is the term for when someone does kind things simply because they want to be a good person.
Altruism
Preference for and favoritism towards one's own group over out-groups. This bias can enhance group cohesion but also foster prejudice and discrimination against out-groups.
In-Group Bias
An attribution style where we describe the causes of behavior to personal traits, abilities, and feelings
Dispositional Attribution Style
An individual’s belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations and accomplish tasks
Self-Efficacy
Milgram's shock experiment, which was testing how far an individual would go in shocking someone when told by an authority figure to do so, was testing what Psychological concept?
Obedience
If you got an A on a test and you compare yourself to a student who got a D, this is called...
Downward Social Comparison
Individuals exert less effort on a group task compared to when working alone, often because they feel less individual responsibility, believe others will pick up the slack
Social Loafing
When individuals attribute their own actions to situational factors, while attributing others' actions to dispositional factors
Actor/Observer Bias
Overall sense of self-worth. While self-efficacy is task-specific, this is a broader evaluation of oneself
Self-Esteem
Asch's line experiment, which was testing how likely an individual was to say the wrong answer when everyone else also said the wrong answer, was testing what psychological term?
Conformity
Cultural orientation that emphasizes personal goals, autonomy, and individual rights
Individualistic Cultures
Individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present, with the responsibility to act getting "diffused" among the group, leading to inaction
Bystander Effect
When we overemphasized dispositional factors and underestimating situational factors when explaining others' behaviors
Fundamental Attribution Error
Personality test that categorizes people into 16 personality types based on a 4 letter acronym
Myers Briggs Test
Persuasion Technique where you start with a small request and then amp it up to a bigger request
Preconceived opinion or attitude about a person or group, typically based on negative stereotypes and not factual
Prejudice
Individuals or groups pursue immediate, self-interested rewards, leading to negative, often severe, long-term consequences for themselves or the collective
Social Traps
An attribution style where we describe the causes of behavior to demands of the time/place (environmental constraints)
Situational Attribution Style
Personality test that measures 5 personality traits on a continuum
Big 5 Test (OCEAN)
Discomfort experienced when our thoughts and beliefs do not match our actions (smoking even when we know it is bad for us)
Cognitive Dissonance
If an employee observes a peer receiving a promotion, which inspires them to work harder, what type of comparison style is this?
Upward Social Comparison
Discussion in like-minded groups makes members' initial attitudes more extreme, moving them further from the average position, often leading to stronger convictions and potentially radical views
Group Polarization
Attributing successes to internal factors and failures to external factors, enhancing self-esteem and protecting the self-concept
Self-Serving Bias
Description and evaluation of oneself “Who am I?”. Combination of self-efficacy and self-esteem
Self-Concept
When individuals conform to the behavior of others because they believe those others have accurate knowledge and that conforming will help them make correct decisions. This influence is based on the desire to be right
Informational Social Influence
Negative behavior or actions directed towards a group based on prejudice (treating people unfairly because of their membership in a particular group)
Discrimination
Generalized beliefs/false assumptions that are typically negative about a group of people based on observations of a few in individuals
Stereotypes
When individuals develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them and exposed to them often
Mere Exposure Effect
What are the 3 components of Reciprocal Determinism?
Behavior, personal factors, and environment
Persuasion technique where you start with a big and absurd request that gets denied and then act like you are compromising with a smaller request.
Social rule that encourages individuals to repay what another person has provided. It is the expectation that people will create a mutual benefit and cooperation
Social Reciprocity Norm
The desire for harmony and conformity within a group overrides realistic appraisal of alternatives, leading to irrational or dysfunctional decisions, as members suppress dissent to maintain cohesion, resulting in poor judgment, overconfidence, and failure to consider all options
GroupThink
Locus of control where individuals believe that they have significant control over the outcomes of their actions. They attribute success or failure to their own efforts, skills, and abilities
Internal Locus of Control
Which of the 2 personality tests is considered to be the more scientific and trust worthy one?
Big 5 Ocean Test
When individuals conform to a group’s expectations to gain social approval or avoid social disapproval. This type of influence is driven by the desire to fit in and be liked by others
Normative Social Influence