Photosynthesis
In the chloroplast this is converted into chemical energy
What is light energy?
This law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed.
What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?
Another name for programmed cell death
What is apoptosis?
Another name for the Krebs cycle
What is the Citric Acid cycle?
The first step of mitosis
What is prophase?
The products that plants release during the first phase of photosynthesis
What are ATP and NADPH?
The two main categories of metabolic pathways
What catabolic pathways (break down molecules and release energy) and anabolic pathways (build molecules and require energy)
A ligand binds to a...
What is a receptor?
Which step(s) of cellular respiration conduct substrate phosphorylation?
What is glycolysis and the Krebs (citric acid) cycle
This happens during metaphase
What are the chromosomes lining up in the midplane or equator of the cell?
In CAM plants, CO2 is fixed...
When is at night
An inhibitor binds to an enzyme at a site other than the active site, changing the enzyme’s shape so the substrate binds less effectively
What is noncompetitive (allosteric) inhibition?
The types of direct signaling for animal and plant cells
What are gap junctions and plasmodesmata?
What do cells require to sustain high rates of glycolysis under anaerobic conditions?
What is NAD+
A cyclin is a...
What is a regulatory protein?
The 3 Phases of the Calvin Cycle include...
What is Carbon Fixation, Reduction, and RuBP Regeneration
The end product of a pathway binds to an enzyme early in the pathway and slows down its activity.
What is feedback inhibition?
A cell receives a signal at its membrane receptor, but the signal is not properly transmitted to the nucleus to change gene expression.
What is a failure in signal transduction?
The enzyme phosphofructokinase (PFK) is the rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis. If a cell has high levels of ATP, how will this affect PFK activity and the overall rate of cellular respiration? Explain why.
Answers may vary: As a result, glycolysis slows down, reducing the rate of cellular respiration. This conserves glucose and prevents the cell from producing more ATP than it needs.
The four major checkpoints in the cell cycle in order
What are the G1 checkpoint, S checkpoint, G2 checkpoint, and M (spindle) checkpoint?
If water could no longer be split during photosynthesis, this gas would no longer be released into the atmosphere
What is oxygen (O₂)?
This is missing in your food if you are not getting enough vitamins
What are cofactors?
An example of a signaling molecule is a...
What is a hormone like estrogen/testosterone OR a neurotransmitter like dopamine?
A cell has enough oxygen but cannot use its mitochondria. Predict how this will affect ATP production and explain why.
Answers may vary: The cell would rely mainly on glycolysis, producing much less ATP.
Cancer cells often ignore cell-cycle checkpoints. Explain how the failure of mitotic checkpoints contributes to cancer.
Answers may vary: includes uncontrollable cell growth