FUNDAMENTALS
An offender with three qualifying felonies can be sentenced to 25 years in prison under this law
What is the three strikes law?
Collections of rules, customs, and traditions of medieval England, that formed the foundation of the U.S. criminal justice system.
What common law?
Theoretical explanations for criminal offending.
What is criminology?
Some limitations of the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)
What are police agency reporting to the FBI is voluntary, only eight offenses are included in the UCR, attempted crimes are combined with completed crimes?
The study of duty (to act)
What is deontology? (deontological ethics)
The belief that property holders become members of a society only with their express consent to submit to governmental authority.
What is Locke's theory of tacit consent? (social contract)
The doctrine that binds courts of equal or lesser levels within a jurisdiction to the principles established by higher appellate courts within the same jurisdiction.
What is stare decisis?
Theory suggesting that criminal behavior occurs when social controls, such as family, break down?
What is the social control theory?
Data from this system divides crime into three categories—crimes against persons, crimes against property, and crimes against society—and does not use the hierarchy rule.
What is the National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS)?
The receipt of some benefit either for free or for a reduced price.
What are gratuities?
Under this model of the criminal justice, defendants are presumed innocent and the courts' first priority is protecting their constitutional rights.
What is the due process model?
The party who files a civil lawsuit against the defendant.
Who is the plaintiff?
The theory that suggests that crime occurs after an individual weighs the risk and benefits of the act.
What is the rational choice theory?
Crime measurement tool that asks respondents (participants) to report crime experiences that occurred within the last 6 months.
What is the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)?
An officer on patrol who sees a contractor illegally dumping trash in another company's dumpster and accepts a monetary "tip" from the contractor, in exchange for the contractor's request for him to issue a warning instead of a citation.
What is a grass-eater?
Under this model of the criminal justice, persons who are charged for a crime are presumed guilty and that the courts should not hinder effective enforcement of the laws.
What is the crime control model?
Beyond a reasonable doubt.
What is the standard of proof required in criminal prosecutions?
Philosophy that criminal behavior is rational, and all people have the capacity to engage in criminal acts.
What is the main philosophy of the Classical School?
The crime measurement tool that was created to address issues related to (victim) non-reporting.
What is the NCVS?
Term used to describe instances when an officer misuses his/her authority for the purpose of personal gain for the officer or others.
What is corruption?
Making decisions based on one’s professional judgement and objective expertise in particular situations.
What is discretion?
Processes such as obtaining search and arrest warrants, reading the accused his/her Miranda warnings, and appointing an attorney for those accused who cannot afford their own.
What are examples of procedural law?
Theories that explain crime as a product of individual, environmental and social factors; and support rehabilitative and individualized punishment outcomes.
What is the positivist school of criminology?
The rule that only requires police departments to report the most serious offense(s) that occurred during a criminal incident.
What is the hierarchy rule?
The idea that a small (deviant) first step can lead to more serious behaviors.
What is the "slippery slope" concept?