POLICE ORGANIZATION
The era in which there were close ties between police and politicians; police corruption surfaced during this era.
What is the political era?
The traditions, skills, and attitudes unique to policing.
What is police subculture?
Style of policing that involves conducting random patrols.
What is the service style?
Three legitimate and responsive forms of police use force.
What are in self-defense, to maintain custody and control and execute reasonable force?
The federal statute which creates a civil cause of action against civil servants (i.e. police officers) and their employers.
What is 42 U.S.C. section 1983?
The era of policing in which civil service systems were created.
What is the reform era?
Physical abilities test
Oral examination
Field training
What are some parts to the police hiring process?
Common sources of police stress.
What are organizational practices, the criminal justice system the public?
The U.S. Supreme Court ruling that an officer pursuing a fleeing suspect may use deadly force only if there is probable cause to believe the suspect poses a significant threat of death or physical injury.
What is Tennessee v. Garner?
Most common standard of proof that is applied in civil cases.
What is by a preponderance of evidence?
The reason why some police departments in the reform era prohibited officers from residing in neighborhoods where they patrolled.
What is to to isolate officers from potential political influences?
Step of the police hiring process designed to simulate physical challenges that law enforcement officers might encounter.
What is the physical abilities test?
The purpose of the Kansas City Preventative Patrol Experiment.
What is to determine if random patrol had a measurable effect on crime?
Unnecessary use of force by police against citizens which results in injury.
What is police brutality (i.e. excessive force)?
A factor that largely contributes to a foreseeable harm or injury.
What is a proximate cause?
The individual credited for shaping the development of police professionalism during the reform era.
Who is August Vollmer?
The three distinctive styles.
What are Watchman, Legalistic and Service?
Common factors that affect the exercise of police discretion.
What are the law, officer's attitude, and citizen's attitude?
A police officer who conducts an unreasonable search and seizure can be subjected to liability under this federal statute.
What is 42 U.S. Code section 1983?
Standard of proof applied in criminal cases.
What is beyond a reasonable doubt?
One of the problems associated with the reform era that the community era attempted to solve.
What is police officers were neither trained nor encouraged to consider the underlying causes of crime on their beats?
Officers who adopt this style of policing take a harsh view of law violators, make no exceptions in writing citations, and make many arrests.
What is the legalistic style?
Most sophisticated and reliable type of physical evidence.
What is DNA evidence?
The three types of torts typically filed against criminal justice professionals.
What are Negligence, Intentional and Constitutional?
The U.S. constitutional amendment which protects against excessive use of force.
What is the Fourth Amendment?