History & Purpose of Corrections
What was the primary purpose of early American penitentiaries?
To encourage repentance and rehabilitation through isolation and reflection
What is the main purpose of a Level 1 (minimum security) prison?
Housing low-risk inmates, often with dorm-style living and work programs.
Who are considered “special population” inmates?
Inmates with unique needs, such as the mentally ill, elderly, juveniles, LGBTQ+, veterans, and those with chronic illnesses.
What are common alternatives to incarceration?
Probation, community service, fines, diversion programs, and electronic monitoring.
What is one current trend in sentencing reform?
The move toward reducing mandatory minimums and increasing alternatives to incarceration.
How does the corrections system interface with the criminal justice system?
It works alongside law enforcement and courts to carry out sentencing, punishment, and rehabilitation
What distinguishes a Level 2 (low security) facility?
More restrictions than Level 1, but still focused on work, education, and programming.
Why do mentally ill inmates present challenges for corrections staff?
They often require treatment, specialized housing, and are at greater risk for victimization or rule violations.
How do community corrections programs benefit society?
They reduce overcrowding, lower costs, and focus on rehabilitation and reintegration.
What are community re-entry programs designed to do?
Help inmates transition back into society by offering housing, job training, and counseling.
What was the main difference between the Pennsylvania and Auburn systems?
Pennsylvania emphasized solitary confinement, while Auburn used congregate work and silence.
What defines a Level 3 (medium security) prison?
Secure perimeter fencing, higher staff-to-inmate ratio, and housing for inmates with moderate risks.
What correctional challenges are associated with elderly inmates?
They have higher medical needs, mobility issues, and are costly to house long-term.
How does probation differ from parole?
Probation is a court-ordered alternative to incarceration, while parole is supervised release after prison.
What constitutional amendment protects inmates against cruel and unusual punishment?
The 8th Amendment.
How did sentencing reform in the 1970s and 1980s change corrections?
It led to harsher sentencing (mandatory minimums, “three strikes” laws), increasing prison populations.
What is unique about a Level 4 (maximum security) prison?
Designed for the most violent offenders, with high walls, armed towers, and limited movement.
How are transgender inmates’ rights protected under corrections law?
By requiring consideration of housing placement, medical care, and protection from harassment under the 8th and 14th Amendments.
What are typical conditions of probation or parole?
Regular check-ins, employment, drug testing, curfew, no contact with victims, and attending treatment programs.
What innovative programs are being implemented in some prisons?
Educational programs, vocational training, drug courts, faith-based initiatives, and restorative justice programs.
Why did the rise of mass incarceration disproportionately affect minorities?
Policies such as the War on Drugs disproportionately targeted communities of color, leading to racial disparities in corrections.
How do prisons differ from jails?
Jails hold inmates awaiting trial or serving short sentences (usually under a year), while prisons house long-term felony offenders.
What programs exist for veterans in corrections?
Specialized courts, treatment programs, and re-entry services to address PTSD and reintegration challenges.
What is a major criticism of community supervision?
Technical violations (like missing curfew) can send offenders back to prison, contributing to the “revolving door” effect.
How does the 14th Amendment apply to inmate rights?
It ensures due process and equal protection, requiring prisons to provide fair treatment regardless of race, gender, or religion.