The various sub-areas included within the discipline of criminology, when taken together, make up the field of study under this umbrella.
What is the criminological enterprise?
100
Sufficient evidence that a crime is being or has been committed and that the suspect in question committed the crime.
What is probable cause?
100
The FBI's database of reports and arrests made each year throughout the United States.
What is the Uniform Crime Report (UCR)?
100
The phenomenon by which victims of crime, especially childhood abuse, are more likely to commit crimes themselves.
What is the cycle of violence?
100
The exhilaration that comes with successfully executing an illegal act in a dangerous situation.
What is edgework?
200
Behavior that depart from the norms of society but is not, by definition, criminal.
What is deviance?
200
The stage at which the accused is brought before the court in which they will be tried. Formal charges are read, defendants are advised of their constitutional rights, bail is considered, and a trial date is set.
What is arraignment?
200
This program collects detailed information on incidents, victims, and offenders in an attempt to improve the reliability of the UCR.
What is the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)?
200
The set of legal rights established for crime victims on a state-by-state basis.
What is the Victim's Bill of Rights?
200
The effect that occurs when crime control efforts simply move or redirect offenders to less heavily guarded targets.
What is displacement?
300
The idea that offenders should be punished proportionately to the crime - no more, no less, comes from this historic school of criminological thought.
What is classical criminology?
300
A pledge by the accused to return for trial, which may be accepted in lieu of bail
What is recognizance?
300
An ongoing study conducted by the Justice Department and U.S. Census Bureau that directly surveys crime victims.
What is the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)?
300
Aggressive or provocative behavior that results in someone's victimization.
What is active precipitation?
300
The effect of crime control programs that work in the short-term, but decrease in effectiveness as offenders adjust to new conditions.
What is extinction?
400
The belief that those with social power impose their values on society, and that those values then define criminal behavior, makes up this view of crime.
What is the interactionist view?
400
The stage at which those found guilty are sentenced by the presiding judge to a fine, community supervision, incarceration, or some combination thereof.
What is disposition?
400
A measure that actually measures what it purports to measure.
What is a valid measure?
400
The characteristic that makes one prone to victimization because of physical weakness or psychological distress?
What is target vulnerability?
400
The principle that crime can be prevented by modifying the physical environment to reduce the opportunity individuals have to commit crime.
What is defensible space?
500
Early English law, determined by judges, that eventually became the basis of criminal law in the U.S.
What is common law?
500
The decision issued by a grand jury that allows a case to proceed to trial following arrest, booking, and charging.
What is indictment?
500
This type of study involves observing the same group of people over a long period of time.
What is a longitudinal study?
500
The theory that victimization is primarily a function of where you live.
What is deviant place theory?
500
The three characteristics of punishment believed, in general deterrence theory, to be necessary for crime rates to decline.