Levels of Prevention
Effort to prevent a disease or disorder before it happens
What is primary prevention?
When an increase in the number of cases of disease occurs above what is normally expected for a given time and place.
What is an epidemic?
A person who has been diagnosed with a health related state or event.
What is a case?
Objects such as clothing, towels, and utensils that can harbor a disease agent and are capable of transmitting it.
What is a fomite?
The direct and immediate transfer of an agent from a host/reservoir to a susceptible host.
What is direct transmission?
Activities aimed at health-screening and early detection to improve the likelihood of cure and reduce the change of disability or death.
What is secondary prevention?
An epidemic affecting or attacking the population of an extensive region, country, or continent.
What is a pandemic?
The first diseases case in the population.
What is primary case?
An invertebrate animal (e.g., tick, ,mite, mosquito, bloodsucking fly) that is capable of transmitting an infectious agent to humans.
What is a vector?
Transfer of bacteria or viruses on dust particles or on small respiratory droplets that may become aerosolized when individuals sneeze, cough, laugh, or exhale. Transmissions allows organisms that are capable of surviving for long periods outside the body and that are resistant to drying to enter the upper and lower respiratory tract. Diseases capable of this type of transmission include influenza, polio, whooping cough, pneumonia, and tuberculosis.
What is airborne transmission?
Behavior change on the part of the individual that prevents a disease or disorder before it happens. (E.g., exercising, not smoking, reducing fat dietary intake)
What is active primary prevention?
The ongoing, usual, or constant presence of disease in a community or among a group of people.
What is an endemic?
An individual (or a group of individuals) who has all the signs and symptoms of a disease or had the cause of the symptoms connected to a suspected pathogen.
What is a suspect case?
The habitat (living or non living) in or soon which an infectious agent lives, grows, and multiplies and on which it depends for its survival in nature.
What is a reservoir?
Disease that results when an agent is transferred or carried by some intermediate item, organism, means, or process to a susceptible host.
What is indirect transmission?
Efforts to limit disability by proving rehabilitation where disease, injury, or disorder has already occurred and caused damage.
What is tertiary prevention?
An epidemic that arises from a specific source.
Organism or substance such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, mold, or parasites that is capable of producing disease.
What is a pathogen?
An individual who has been exposed to and harbors a disease-causing organism (pathogen) and who has done so for some time, even though he or she may have recovered from the disease.
What is an active carrier?
Transfer of a disease to a human by a vector.
What is vector-borne transmission?
Does not require behavior change on the part of the individual to prevent a disease or disorder from occurring (e.g., eating vitamin enriched foods, drinking fluoride water.)
What is passive primary prevention?
An epidemic that arises from an infection transmitted from one infected person to another.
What is a propagated epidemic?
Is found by looking at several variables that are effective measures of it.
What is a case severity?
Individual who has been exposed to and harbors a pathogen and who can spread the interviewer probes cases differently than controls.
What is an intermittent carrier?
Vector-borne disease transmission process that occur when the pathogen, so as to spread, uses a host (e.g., a fly, flea, louse, rate) as a mechanism for a ride, for nourishment, or as part of a physical transfer.
What is a mechanical transmission?