The distribution in which two sounds are found interchangeably, with no difference in meaning.
What is free distribution?
100
A phonological rule in which a sound becomes more similar to its neighboring segments.
What is assimilation?
100
The time in which a child is most sensitive to environmental stimulus for language learning.
What is the critical period?
200
The universal properties of language.
What is Universal Grammar?
200
The difference between [t] and [d]
What is voicing?
200
The heart of the syllable, which is present in every kind of syllable.
What is the nucleus?
200
Phonological rules that are common across languages.
What are articulatory/phonological/unmarked processes?
200
Children start acquiring language using these types of structures, and then gradually incorporate marked structures present in their language.
What are unmarked structures?
300
The two components of language.
What is the lexicon and grammar?
300
[s] [z] [f] [v] [ʃ] [ʒ] [ð] [θ] [h]
What are fricatives?
300
A pair of words illustrating contrastive distribution.
What is a minimal pair?
300
A set of sounds that, to the exclusion of other sounds, share a set of articulatory properties.
What is a natural class?
300
The part of UG referring to the absolute properties of all human languages.
What are principles?
400
The approach to grammar preferred by linguists
What is descriptivism?
400
[ɹ]
What is a voiced alveolar retroflex liquid?
400
The predictable phonetic manifestation of a phoneme.
What is an allophone?
400
The following rule is an example of this:
Ø-->[voiceless stop]/[nasal]_[fricative]
What is epenthesis?
400
The hypothesis accounting for why/how children learn their language so fast and with relatively little input data.
What is the innateness hypothesis?
500
A test illustrating the complexity of language, and the inability of computers to fully replicate it.
What is the Turing test?
500
[difɛnəstʃɹejʃn̩]
What is defenestration?
500
The type of distribution of [x] (voiceless velar fricative) and [ç] (voiceless palatal fricative) in the following dataset of German:
[axt] ‘eight’ [ɪç] ‘I’
[buːx] ‘book’ [ɛçt] ‘real’
[lɔx] ‘hole’ [riːçən] ‘to smell’
What is complementary distribution?
500
The type of phonological rule accounting for [k] and [ʧ] distribution in Ukrainian:
Nominative Vocative (-e suffix) Gloss
[rak] [raʧe] ‘lobster’
[junak] [junaʧe] ‘young man’
[ʒuk] [ʒuʧe] ‘beetle’
What is palatalization?
500
The main result from Jean Berko's wug test experiment.
What is recognition that children apply morphological rules of English (instead of just memorizing individual words)?