History of Healthcare
First antibiotic to treat syphilis
What is arsphenamine?
Concept that the human body is interrelated and in natural balance
What is humoralism
This is the time required for the plasma concentration of a drug to decrease by 50%
What is half-life?
or
What is t1/2?
What pharmacokinetic parameters are considered to determine whether or not a loading dose may be needed?
What is large volume of distribution?
and/or
What is a long half-life?
Bypasses first-pass by being administered directly into the bloodstream
What is IV?
Developed vaccines (including Anthrax and rabies vaccines)
Who is Pasteur
Louis Pasteur
The scientific theory that proposes that microorganisms are the cause of many disease
What is germ theory
Constant fraction of drug eliminated per unit of time
What is first-order kinetics?
Or
What is linear kinetics?
The half-life of a renally cleared medication (such as gabapentin) is ____ in chronic kidney disease.
What is increased?
This route of administration avoids first-pass metabolism and is often chosen when rapid onset is needed but the patient does not have an IV?
What is sublingual
or
What is SL?
What is the magic bullet?
This is the official, nonproprietary name assigned to a drug, regardless of the manufacturer
What is generic name?
What is generic?
Phenytoin displays which type of kinetics?
What is Michaelis-Menten (mixed)
In first-order kinetics, the rate of drug elimination is ___ to drug concentration
What is proportional?
This route is convenient and inexpensive but has a slower onset of action and is subject to first-pass metabolism
What is oral
or
What is PO?
The Food Drug & Cosmetic Act of 1938 required drugs to be shown to be ____ prior to introduction into the market
What is safe
A substance intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease
What is an FDA approved drug?
What is a drug?
Gentamicin toxicity is tied to this pharmacokinetic parameter:
What is trough?
or
What are high troughs?
Bradycardia, nausea, diarrhea and visual halos
What is digoxin toxicity?
This route is commonly selected for long-term hormone or nicotine therapy because it provides sustained drug delivery but not good for rapid dose titration
What is transdermal?
The first-mass produced antibiotic known as the wonder drug in the 1940's
What is penicillin
This pharmacokinetic process that can decrease the bioavailability of medications because significant drug metabolism occurs before the drug reaches systemic circulation
What is first-pass effect?
What is a CYP enzyme inducer?
A 55-year-old with renal failure is on a renally cleared drug. To maintain therapeutic levels, which adjustment to the dosing interval is most appropriate?
What is extend?
What is increase the dosing interval?
AU
What are both ears?