Ancient Greek
Philosophy began when it occurred to _________ to consider whether there might be some fundamental kind of stuff out of which everything else is made
Thales
According to Platonic metaphysics, the world of intellect, knowledge, truth, reality, and brightness has as its ultimate source of existence and essence the Form the Good. Plotinus further specified this ultimate source or reality as ___________ or the One.
god
To doubt everything he could (in an attempt to arrive at only true beliefs), Descartes employed two famous conjectures, the dream conjecture and the evil demon conjecture. He found he could doubt everything, except what indubitable truth?
The tradition in philosophy whose roots trace to Modern rationalism (Descartes, Leibniz, Spinoza) eventually came to be known (relatively recently) as _______
The tradition originated in the empiricism found in English-speaking countries (Locke, Berkeley, Hume) eventually evolved into what is now called___________
continental
analytic
What are atomism and determinism?
the view that all things are composed of tiny, imperceptible, indestructible, indivisible, eternal, and uncreated particles composed of exactly the same matter but different in size, shape and (although there is some controversy about this) weight
the view that future states and events are completely determined by preceding states and events
Aristotle defined human beings as _________________
BONUS: how did Aristotle categorize living things into relationships between more general and more specific categories?
rational animals
genus species
Sextus Empiricus set forth a collection of ten arguments by the ancient skeptics against the possibility of _____________.
knowledge
Using the __________ criterion, Descartes found to his own satisfaction that God exists, and that God would not deceive the thinking mind with perceptions of the world if they didn't exist. Thus, for Descartes, in addition to God, two separate and distinct substances (material and mental), and reality has a dual nature.
clear and distinct
Who are the following two views describing?
This person proposed a universal phenomenology of consciousness, transcendental phenomenology, whose purpose was to investigate phenomena without making any assumptions about the world.
The source of certainty is not phenomena, or anything subjective at all, but instead, Being itself.
Husserl
Heidegger
What are principles of reason known prior to experience (in that our knowledge of them does not depend on our senses)?
a priori
Who first made a study of the principles of sound reasoning?
Aristotle
Aristotle
___________'s strategy was to show that there is a basic mental activity, perception, or sense, from which all other mental phenomena are derived and that perception itself reduces to matter in motion.
Hobbes
_____________ read Schopenhauer and became convinced that the world is driven by cosmic will, specifically will-to-power, not reason.
Nietzsche
Locke's fundamental idea was that all our ideas come from experience. The human mind at birth, is essentially a ___________, or blank slate.
tabula rasa
What did Aristotle think of Platonic Forms?
Bonus:
According to Plato's Theory of Forms, what is truly real is not the objects we encounter in sensory experience, but rather, Forms, and these can only be grasped intellectually. True or False?
Forms are universals, something that more than one individual can be
True
Who was the first known person who found errors in the part of Ptolemy's theory that showed how the sun revolved around the earth?
Hypatia
"...extension, figure, and motion are only ideas existing in the mind and consequently cannot exist in an unperceiving substance."
Who said this?
Berkeley
What are the main themes of existentialism?
philosophy must focus on the individual's confrontation with the world
the world is irrational, or beyond total comprehending or accurate conceptualizing through philosophy
the world is absurd, in the sense that no ultimate explanation can be given for why it is the way it is
the individual confronts, as the most important fact of human existence, the necessity to choose how they are to live within this absurd and irrational world
it is not guaranteed that the existential predicament can be solved and meaning in life can be found
What is the Socratic Method, and why was Socrates said by the Delphi Oracle to be the Wisest of All People?
Proposing a definition, rebutting it by counterexample, modifying it in light of the counterexample, rebutting the modification, and so forth
He was wise because he recognized his ignorance
Heraclitus is famous for the remark attributed to him, "You cannot step in the same river twice." This remark raises which important philosophical issue?
identity
Augustine's third refutation of total skepticism is based on the argument that _______________ gives a rudimentary kind of knowledge.
sense perception
Explain the difference between idealism, dualism, materialism, and alternative views.
answers vary
The principle philosophical question for this person is, "is there any reason not to commit suicide?"
This 2nd person thought that because no God created humans in accordance with a divine concept, the person must produce their own essence; "existence precedes essence"
Camus
Sartre
What is the following an example of? There are two answers required, types of argumentation discussed in Ch. 1.
To establish whether time travel is possible, imagine someone stepping into a time machine, going back in time to before she was born and, while there, accidentally killing her parents. [This seems to show that, on one hand, the person existed at the time she entered into the time machine; but, on the other hand, because her parents never gave birth to her, she could not have existed at that or any other time. Thus, time travel leads to contradictions and is therefore impossible.]
reductio ad absurdum
thought experiment