What is a Plant?
What do plants need to survive?
Sunlight, water/minerals, gas exchange
Where is green algae typically found?
Aquatic environments (mostly). Found in freshwater and salt water habitats. Can be found in moist areas on land as well.
What is a seed?
A plant embryo, and a food supply, all encased in a protective covering.
The DNA sequences of modern plants all show that they have descended from?
Common ancestors
Define Sporangium.
Capsule in which haploid spores are produce by meiosis.
During gas exchange, explain the role of oxygen gas?
Byproduct of photosynthesis (released) and used to support cellular respiration
Why must a bryophyte complete its life cycle near water?
The bryophyte produces flagellated sperm which must swim towards the egg. This cannot occur if the bryophyte does not live near a source of water.
What is the difference between a gymnosperm and an angiosperm?
A gymnosperm bears its seeds directly on the scales of its cones. An angiosperm bears seeds in flowers inside a layer of tissue that protects the seed.
In plants that contain vascular tissue, where can tracheids be found?
Define ovule
Structure in seed cones in which female gametophytes develop.
What is the first plant?
Green Algae
Why are bryophytes small?
Lack vascular tissue
What is contained within a pollen grain?
The entire male gametophyte
What process do all sporophytes use to produce haploid spores?
Meiosis
Define archegonia.
A type of organ where the eggs are produced in the gametophyte phase.
The demands of life on land favored what type of adaptions?
Resistance to drying, draw water up from the soil, and reproducing without water
What is the difference between xylem and phloem?
Xylem carries minerals and water. Xylem transport is unidirectional. Phloem is used for sugar and carbohydrate transport around the plant. Phloem transport can be multi-directional.
What is the function of the pollen tube?
A plant structure that contains two haploid nuclei (sperm). It grows towards the ovule to release the sperm so that fertilization can occur.
What are some characteristics that green algae share in common with plants? Name 3.
Cell walls (cellulose), photosynthetic pigments, eukaryotes, alternation of generations, and immobile
Define antheridia
A type of organ where the sperm is produced in the gametophyte phase.
What is the general evolutionary trend of the size of the gametophyte and sporophyte?
The gametophyte is shrinking and the sporophyte is enlarging.
Where might you find the seedless vascular plant, the fern?
In an area that has low light, but is abundantly wet or at least seasonally wet.
In gymnosperms, what is responsible for the direct transfer of pollen?
Wind
What are the four characteristics that botanists use to divide the plant kingdom into five groups?
Embryos develop within the plant (protection from elements on land), Water-conducting tissue, Seeds provide food/protection from drying out, and flowers and fruits (reproductive advantage)
Define pollination.
The transfer of pollen from the male reproductive structure to the female reproductive structure.