Causality
The type of relationship between the independent and dependent variable
What is a Cause-and-effect relationship?
A smaller, manageable group that is representative of the target population
What is A sample?
Participants are able to employ this right when they no longer wish to be a part of the study.
What is the Right to withdraw?
These refer to cues in the experiment that lead participants to guess the purpose of the study or what the experimenter expects
– and then change their behavior to suit this purpose.
What are Demand characteristics?
The idea that all human thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are caused by specific factors – either internal (e.g. biology) or external (e.g. environment).
What is Determinism?
It refers to a decline in performance over time in a study due to tiredness, boredom, or lack of motivation, especially when participants are asked to complete long or repetitive tasks
A type of sampling where participants are randomly sampled from each subpopulation of the target population
The last element of an experiment, where participants are fully informed about the true purpose of the study.
What is Debriefing?
This occurs when participants alter their responses or behavior in a study to be seen more favorably by others – particularly the researcher or society
What is Social desirability bias?
An approach that breaks complex behaviors down into their simplest parts to understand them.
What is Reductionism?
The extent to which a study can confidently demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable, without being influenced by extraneous variables or bias.
What is Internal validity?
A type of sampling where participants are recruited through other participants.
What is Snowball sampling?
When a legal authority gives consent on behalf of a person who is unable to so – e.g. children or people with cognitive impairments
What is Consent by proxy?
The extent to which the sample used for the study is representative of the population from which it was drawn.
What is Population validity?
An approach that suggests that although behavior may be influenced by internal or external factors, we still have some control over our actions.
What is Soft Determinism?
The extent to which a study accurately measures the concept it intends to study.
What is Construct validity?
Term that describes the specific populations that are used in 98% of all psychological samples, despite only making up 12% of the world’s total population.
What is WEIRD?
A 1961 study that measured how willing participants were to inflict pain on another person if an authority figure told them to do so.
What is The Milgram Experiment?
A systematic error in sampling / data collection that makes certain members of a target population less likely to be sampled
What is Ascertainment bias?
A debate about whether biological or environmental factors cause our behavior.
What is the Nature vs. nurture debate?
Effect that occurs when a person experiences a real change in symptoms or behavior simply because they believe they are receiving treatment.
What is The Placebo effect?
When the effects of one condition in a repeated measures design influence performance in another condition.
What are Order effects / carryover effects?
A study conducted by Tudor, Johnson, and Oberman in 1939. They tested whether stuttering is caused by nurture or nature by putting orphaned children into a negative learning environment where they were humiliated repeatedly for their stuttering, leading to high levels of anxiety in the children.
What is The Monster Study?
The tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions.
What is Confirmation bias?
An approach that argues that behavior and mental processes are shaped by culture, and therefore can vary widely between societies. It emphasizes cultural, social, and historical differences in psychological experience.
What is Relativism?