Viral structure and entry
What are the types of viral structures?
Helical, icosahedral, complex
What enzyme do retroviruses use to convert RNA to DNA?
Reverse transcriptase
Name one function of cytokines
Promote/control inflammation, signaling between cells, chemokines attract immune cells, growth of immune cells
What is the purpose of a vaccine adjuvant?
Induce a local inflammatory response for an effective adaptive immune response.
Where did SARS-CoV-2 originate?
Huanan Seafood Market, Wuhan, China
What is the average diameter of a coronavirus? (correct order of magnitude)
100 nanometers
Why do some viruses interact with Rb?
To induce progression of cell cycle into S phase, trigger DNA synthesis
Name two ways antibodies function? (100 for each)
Neutralization, activating complement, agglutination, opsonization, ADCC
(I only talked about/mentioned a couple of these)
What two viruses have been eradicated? (100 per corrected)
Smallpox virus, rinderpest virus
How do HIV-1 particles mature?
Protease cleavage of polyproteins (Gag and Gag-Pol)
What triggers endosomal fusion for influenza virus?
Acidification of the endosome
How many and which metal do virtually all polymerases use to catalyze nucleic acid synthesis?
2 magnesium ions
What is CRISPR in prokaryotic immunity?
If a prokaryote survives a phage infection, genetic sequences of phages are stored in DNA and used to target future infectious phage genomes.
What kind of drug is Casirivimab?
monoclonal anitbody (against COVID)
What is the difference between antigenic drift and shift?
Antigenic drift results from accumulated antibody escape mutations while antigenic shift results from reassortments.
Name the receptor(s) for these viruses (100 per correct):
Influenza, HIV, SARS-CoV-2, Poliovirus
Influenza: sialic acid
HIV: CD4 and CCR5
SARS-CoV-2: ACE2
Poliovirus: CD155
Describe how (-)ssRNA viruses switch from mRNA synthesis to genome replication?
mRNAs translated into N protein, which coats the RNA during transcription, causing antitermination
How does PKR function in the antiviral response?
Induced by interferons, activated by binding to dsRNA, phosphorylates eIF2α, inhibiting translation initiation
What kind of vaccines are these (100 per correct):
Shingrix, Comirnaty, FluMist, IPV
Shingrix: subunit
Comirnaty: mRNA
FluMist: live attenuated
IPV: inactivated
How do you calculate each of the following concepts (100 per correct):
R0, MOI, CFR, T number
CFR = # deaths / # confirmed infections
T number = # of subunits in capsid / 60
Name the capsid structure of these viral families and whether or not they have an envelope (100 per correct):
Orthomyxoviridae, Picornaviridae, Coronaviridae, Flaviviridae, Adenoviridae
Orthomyxoviridae: helical, no envelope
Picornaviridae: icosahedral, no envelope
Coronaviridae: helical, envelope
Flaviviridae: icosahedral, envelope
Adenoviridae: icosahedral, no envelope
What do these viruses use as primers (if they use a primer) for genome replication (100 per correct):
Poliovirus, VSV, HIV, Parvovirus, SV40
Poliovirus: VPg-pUpU
VSV: de novo
HIV: tRNA, PPT, de novo (for mRNA transcription)
Parvovirus: ITRs
SV40: RNA primers (DNA replication)
In immunity, what do each of these bind? (receptor and cell type, 100 per correct):
Interferon, PAMPs, DNA in cytoplasm, MHC class II + viral peptide, MHC class I + viral peptide
Interferon: IFN receptor (e.g. IFNAR) in all cells
PAMPs: PRRs in all cells
DNA in cytoplasm: cGAS in all cells
MHC class II + viral peptide: T cell receptor + CD4 in helper T cells
MHC class I + viral peptide: T cell receptor + CD8 in CTLs
What are the mechanisms of actions for the following antiviral drugs (100 per correct):
Acyclovir, Amantadine, Molnupiravir, AZT, Oseltamivir
Acyclovir: nucleoside analog, chain terminator
Amantadine: entry inhibitor
Molnupiravir: nucleoside analog
AZT: nucleoside analog, chain terminator
Oseltamivir: neuraminidase inhibitor
What were the original/intermediate animal hosts for the following viruses (100 per correct):
Influenza virus, Nipah virus, Sin Nombre virus, West Nile virus, MERS-CoV
Influenza virus: waterfowl
Nipah virus: bat, pig
Sin Nombre virus: deer mouse
West Nile virus: Birds, mosquitos
MERS-CoV: bat, camel