Vocabulary
The first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution, which guarantee fundamental rights and privileges to citizens.
What is the Bill of Rights?
This model describes the crimes as layers, with fewer but more serious cases at the top and many minor cases at the bottom.
What is the Wedding-Cake Model
The power of a police officer to make decisions on issues within legal guidelines
What is discretion?
A trial in which a defendant waives the right to a jury trial and instead agrees to a trial in which the judge hears and decides the case.
What is a Bench Trial?
The prison system is characterized by the separate-and-silent system, in which inmates are kept from seeing or talking to one another.
What is the Pennsylvania System?
This amendment gives you the right to remain silent.
What is the 5th Amendment?
A system in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in which companies and individuals could purchase labor of prison inmates from state and county governments.
What is the convict lease system?
A written statement of the facts of the offense that is charged against the accused.
What is an indictment?
The amount of effort required by police to compel compliance from an unwilling subject.
What is use of force?
The authority of a court to hear a case based on the location of the offense.
What is geographic jurisdiction?
The prison system is characterized as the congregate-and-silent system, which allowed prisoners to eat and work together during the day, but they could not speak to each other.
What is the Auburn System?
This amendment protects against unreasonable searches.
What is the 4th Amendment?
A suspicion based on facts or circumstances that justifies stopping and sometimes searching an individual thought to be involved in illegal activity.
What is reasonable suspicion?
Court appearance in which the defendant is formally charged with a crime and asked to respond by pleading guilty, not guilty or nolo contendere.
What is an arraignment?
They enforce laws
What is a police officer?
Courts that review decisions from lower courts
What are appellate courts?
This person is responsible for writing the pre-sentencing investigation, supervises offenders and provides services to offenders.
Who is a Probation Officer?
The amendment that protects you from cruel and unusual punishment.
What is the 8th amendment?
A crime reporting system in which each separate offense in a crime is described
What is National Incident-Based Reporting or NIBRS?
Guilty mind - intent or knowledge to break the law.
What is mesa rea?
The multiple outsider status of women and minority police officers as a result of being treated differently by their fellow officers.
What is Double Marginality?
Who is the major gatekeeper of the criminal justice system?
A form of supervision that requires frequent meetings between the client and probation officers
What is intensive supervision probation?
This amendment guarantees you the right to a fair trial.
What is the 6th Amendment?
The idea we must look beyond the obvious to evaluate how our social location influences how we perceive society
What is sociological imagination?
A social institution that has the mission of controlling crime by detecting, detaining, adjudicating, and punishing or rehabilitating people who break the law.
What is the criminal justice system?
The case that stated a police officer may seize an unarmed, non-dangerous suspect by shooting him dead.
What is Tennessee v. Garner?
Routine cases that are considered in the context of how the court handles similar crimes.
What are normal crimes?
A closed environment in which every aspect, including the movement and behavior of the people within, is controlled and structured.
What is total instituation?
Restricts the quartering of soldiers in private homes.
What is the 3rd Amendment?