Every member of the target population has an equal chance of becoming part of the sample
Random Sampling
Researchers should discuss the aims of the research with the participants, making sure they understand how their participation contributed to the completion of these aims. Any deception should be disclosed, explained, and justified.
Debriefing
Participants are recruited and volunteer to take part in a study
Self-selected sampling
Participants should have the right to stop participation in the study at any time, with no consequences. No attempt should be made to encourage or persuade them to continue.
Withdrawal
Students are approached during lunch and asked to complete a survey
Opportunity / Convenience sampling
Information must be made available to participants that will allow them to decide whether or not they would like to participate in the study. Participants must agree before participation begins.
Informed Consent
A member of the research team who pretends to be a participant is called...
a confederate
Participants are paired based on a specific variable and then compared
Matched pairs
Information is withheld from participants or they are mislead about the purpose of the study and what will happen during the study.
Deception
Researchers arrange for an actor to fall down in the street, appearing ill. They are interested in whether the passers will stop to help more often if the actor is dressed formally or casually.
What is the independent variable in this study?
The attire (formal or casual) of the actor.
What three things must be true for researchers to be able to infer causality in an experiment?
1) manipulated independent variable
2) random allocation
3) controlled conditions
Participants are recruited in a way that keeps the distribution of key characteristics in a sample the same as is observed in the population
Stratified sampling
All participant information should be disguised so that it is impossible to determine the identity of individuals or groups who participated in the study.
Anonymity
Researchers arrange for an actor to fall down in the street, appearing ill. They are interested in whether the passers will stop to help more often if the actor is dressed formally or casually.
What is the dependent variable in this study?
How often passers stop to help the actor.