Introducing Psychology
a combination of physiological and cognitive processes. According to psychologists, there are seven basic ones: happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, disgust, and contempt.
Emotions
a sample that tries to take into account the characteristics of a population
representative sample
At the end of the study, all participants must be ____
debriefed
If a study is _____, it means that the results can be replicated
reliable
When the IV and DV are written in such a way that it is clear what is being measured.
refers to our biological systems. Psychologists are interested in the role of our brain and nervous system, hormones, and genetics in behaviour.
When a sample is not representative of the target population it lacks...
informed consent
When a study involves repeated observations of the same variables over long periods, it is referred to as _______ research
longitudinal
In experimental research, it is conventional to formulate both a ____ hypothesis and an experimental hypothesis.
null
feelings of liking or disliking toward an object, person, or idea.
Attitudes
When participants recruit other participants from among their friends and acquaintances
snowball sampling
The ethical consideration where participant identities will not be revealed in the publication of the study or any other use of the data thereafter.
If a study is ____, it means that the researcher is asking the participant about past behaviour.
retrospective
The advantage of a laboratory experiment is that it allows the researcher to control for _____ variables - this is, other variables that may influence the results of the study
extraneous
an explanation for a psychological phenomenon. It is a statement used to summarize, organize, and explain observations.
Theory
When psychologists use a non-random sampling technique and causes some members of the population to be less likely to be included than others.
Sampling bias
Which is the most basic/fundamental ethical consideration?
protection from undue stress or harm
_____ is the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and to other people
External validity
The adjective used to describe procedures that are written in enough detail that they can be easily replicated by another researcher.
standardized
sometimes referred to as “thought processes” – explain how the mind works. These processes include memory, perception, attention, decision-making, and thinking/reasoning. It is the process by which existing knowledge is used to create new knowledge.
Cognitive processes
The sample matches the make-up of the population. Participants from within various subgroups of the population are randomly selected.
Stratified sampling
Before this may may be used, the psychologist proposing the study must justify why it is necessary and an ethics board should approve the study.
deception
_____ refers to how well an experiment is done, especially whether it avoids the influence of outside or extraneous variables on the outcome of the study. In order to achieve a high level, studies must be well controlled, and the variables must be carefully defined.
Internal validity
A subset of quasi-experiments is _____ experiments. Although these two terms are often used interchangeably, this type of experiment usually refers to an independent variable that is environmental in nature and outside of the control of the researcher. Most of this type of experiment work on a pre-test, post-test design - that is, the behaviour is measured both before and after the variable was introduced.
natural