No parents are perfect.
E
All sharpened pencils are writing utensils Therefore some sharpened pencils are not pencils
OAO-1
Some fruits are bananas.
No bananas are apples.
Therefore, some apples are not fruit.
4
All P are M.
All S are M.
Therefore, all S are P.
Undistributed Middle
All cherries are fruit.
All maraschinos are cherries.
Therefore, all maraschinos are fruit.
Valid
AAA-1
No challenge B students are secret agents.
E
EAO-2
All gorillas are mammals.
Some apes are gorillas.
Therefore, some apes are not mammals.
1
No P is M.
No S is M.
There all S is P.
Two Negative Premises
Negative Premise and an Affirmative Conclusion
All apples are fruit.
All bananas are fruit.
Therefore, all apples are bananas.
INVALID.
AAA-2
Undistributed Middle
All milk is liquid.
A
Some harps are not pianos.
No harps are grand pianos.
Therefore, some grand pianos are not pianos.
OEO-3
All oats are grain.
Some grains are rice.
Therefore, some rice is oats.
4
All M are P.
All S are M.
Therefore, some S are not P.
Illicit Major
Two Affirmative Premises and a Negative Conclusion
No cherries are meat.
All hotdogs are meat.
Therefore, no hotdogs are cherries.
VALID
EAE-2
Some challenge B directors are professional super spies.
I
Some fruits are bananas.
No bananas are apples.
Therefore, some apples are not fruit.
IEO-4
Some harps are not pianos.
No harps are grand pianos.
Therefore, some grand pianos are not pianos.
3
All M is P.
No S is M.
Therefore, some S is P.
Negative Premise and an Affirmative Conclusion
No meat is fruit.
All meat is an edible thing.
Therefore, no edible things are fruit.
INVALID
EAE-3
Illicit Minor (edible thing distributed in conclusion, but not in premise)
Some robots are not programmed humanoids.
O
Some wheeled vehicles are not motorcycles.
Some airplanes are wheeled vehicles.
Therefore, all airplanes are motorcycles.
OIA-1
No reptiles are mammals.
All apes are mammals.
Therefore, some apes are reptiles.
2
Some P are not M.
Some S are not M.
Therefore, some S are not P.
Illicit Major
Two Negative Premises
Some cherries are not sweet-tasting things.
All cherries are fruits.
Therefore, some fruits are not sweet-tasting things.
VALID
OAO-3