Chapter 4
The pattern of fluctuations in bodily processes that occur regularly each day.
What is circadian rhythm?
The process of learning in which the consequences of a response determine the probability that the response will be repeated.
What is operant conditioning?
The branch of psychology that focuses on processes such as perception, thinking, problem solving, decision making, and language.
What is cognitive psychology?
A step-by-step set of rules that will always lead to a correct solution to a problem.
What is algorithm?
The ability to conceive of new ways of viewing situations and new uses for familiar objects.
What is divergent thinking?
According to Freud, this refers to the true, underlying meaning of a dream.
What is latent content?
This refers to the gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response.
What is extinction?
A rule of thumb for making a judgment that assumes a given sample is representative of the larger population from which it is drawn.
What is a representative heuristic?
The process of relearning a conditioned response following extinction.
What is reconditioning?
Deficiencies in intellectual and adaptive functioning along with an IQ score of 70 or below.
What is intellectual disability?
Temporary cessation of breathing during sleep.
What is sleep apnea?
This is the strengthening of a response through the removal of an aversive stimulus.
What is negative reinforcement?
The rules of grammar that determine how words are ordered within sentences and phrases to form meaningful expressions.
What is syntax?
Alcohol falls under this classification of drug.
What is depressant?
The attempt to narrow down a range of alternatives in order to find the one correct answer to a problem.
What is convergent thinking?
A form of meditation where one focuses entirely on their unfolding experience moment by moment.
What is mindfulness mediation?
During the conditioning phase of classical conditioning, this is paired with an unconditioned stimulus that normally elicits an unconditioned response.
What is neutral stimulus?
According to Noam Chomsky, humans have this innate, prewired mechanism in the brain that allows children to acquire language naturally.
What is language acquisition device?
The idea that dreams represent the brain's attempt to make sense of random discharges of electrical activity that occur during REM sleep.
What is activation-synthesis hypothesis?
The 3 types of distracted driving are visual, manual and this type.
What is cognitive?
This type of drug alters sensory perceptions and can produce distortions.
What is hallucinogen?
In this schedule of partial reinforcement, reinforcement is given only for a correct response made after a fixed amount of time has passed since the last reinforcement.
What is a fixed-interval schedule?
Psychologist Robert Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence focuses on how we bring together the analytic, creative, and this aspect of our intelligence.
What is practical?
Thorndike’s principle that responses that have satisfying effects are more likely to recur, whereas those that have unpleasant effects are less likely to recur.
What is the law of effect?
A learning method in which complex material is broken down into a series of small steps that learners master at their own pace.
What is programmed instruction?