People
Who were the two main leaders who founded Parihaka and led its non-violent movement?
Te Whiti-o-Rongomai and Tohu Kākahi.
In which New Zealand region was Parihaka located?
Taranaki region.
How many armed troops invaded Parihaka on that day?
1,600 troops
What crop was planted on roads as a form of protest and to assert connection to the land?
Kumara. Māori ploughed up the roads the military created and planted kumara there as a form of protest.
What non-violent action caused the invasion to happen?
Te Whiti and Tohu instructing Māori to enter settler farms and begin ploughing the land/roads.
Which leader of Parihaka was known as a spiritual figure who could speak with God and was born around 1830?
Te Whiti-o-Rongomai.
What sacred landmark near Parihaka was culturally and spiritually significant to many Māori?
Mount Taranaki (Taranaki Maunga)
On what date did the armed invasion of Parihaka occur?
5 November 1881
What philosophy did Te Whiti and Tohu promote as a response to British military violence?
Passive non-violent resistance based on Christian values like ‘turn the other cheek’.
Besides ploughing roads that the military built, name another non-violent action described that Parihaka residents used when meeting soldiers at the beginning of the invasion.
Examples: children on the road singing hymns and offering food, planting kumara on roads.
Which settler or government group pressured the New Zealand government to take stronger action against Parihaka during the 1870s–1880s?
Farmers, land buyers and local politicians
When was Parihaka established as a community?
Around 1866
What law was passed in 1863 that allowed the government to confiscate Māori land as punishment for 'rebellion'?
The New Zealand Settlements Act (1863).
Why did many Māori choose to live at Parihaka (give one reason from the info sheet)?
To escape the violence of the New Zealand Land Wars, Parihaka was a sanctuary led by respected leaders.
Approximately how many people were arrested during or after the invasion, and where were they imprisoned?
Over 1,600 people were arrested and imprisoned in Taranaki, Wellington, and Dunedin (some as well taken to Christchurch, Lyttleton, Hokitika)
Approximately how many people lived in Parihaka by 1881 (give the range from the fact sheet)?
About 1,500–2,000 people by 1881.
Name one advanced public service or amenity in Parihaka from your info sheet that showed its development.
Examples: extensive vegetable gardens, modern food storage, advanced sewage system, electric lights.
Why did the British settler government aggressively pursue Māori land in places like Taranaki?
To obtain land for farming and settlement because of rising European settler demand/pressure to acquire fertile land like Taranaki.
What symbolic act involved children during confrontations with troops?
Children gathered on the roads, sang hymns, and greeted soldiers offering food.
Name two harms or damages inflicted by the invading British troops.
200 homes, crops, and resources destroyed; women assaulted; large-scale arrests and deportations.
Who was responsible for the invasion?
Native Minister John Bryce (led the invasion) / George Grey (was the reason for the wars, building the groundwork for the invasion)
What annual event is held in Parihaka to commemorate peace, according to the fact sheet?
An international peace festival
How did the government treat the leaders and population immediately after the invasion (two answers)?
Poorly. Arrested and deported many Māori people; Te Whiti and Tohu were imprisoned (taken to Christchurch/Dunedin)
Explain briefly why Parihaka offered sanctuary to displaced Māori after the Land Wars (two reasons).
Parihaka provided homeless Māori with a well-organised, self-sufficient settlement under non-violent leadership; it was seen as spiritually safe near Taranaki and offered modern amenities and protection.
Describe one long-term government response that occurred much later (in 2017) related to Parihaka.
In 2017, the New Zealand Government officially apologised and paid $9 million to descendants.