Neurological A&P
This term is used to describe the convergence of several nerves, usually coming from the periphery, and in a particular region of the spine
What is a plexus?
This variation of tEMG is used to determine whether hardware placed during spinal procedures is adequately insulated within bone and not in contact with neurological tissue. Values exceeding 10mA are generally deemed acceptable
What is pedicle screw stimulation?
These two criteria and corresponding values make up the thresholds with regard to relevant intraoperative SSEP changes
What is a 50% amplitude reduction, 10% latency increase?
TcMEPs can never be run without these simple and effective safety aids to help prevent any damage to the oral cavity during stimulation
What are bite blocks?
Stimulating this nerve will cause your thumb, index, and middle finger to contract
What is median nerve?
The physiological tract that carries motor impulses from the brain to the rest of the body?
What is Corticospinal tract?
These two modalities would be implemented to monitor both the ascending and descending spinal cord tracts during a procedure where they may be deemed to be at risk
what are SSEPs and TCMEPs?
In a procedure where a 95% reduction in TcMEP amplitude is deemed "stable" by the interpreting neurologist, this type of MEP warning criteria is being used
What is all or nothing?
These 4 modalities would be recommended to a surgeon prior to an anterior cervical discectomy and fusion
What are SSEPs, MEPs, EMG, and ToF?
The name used to describe the negative polarity stimulation electrode that should be closest (proximal) to the response you are attempting to elicit for optimal data
What is cathode?
This neurological structure delineates the primary motor and primary sensory areas of the cortex
What is the Central Sulcus?
This advanced spinal modality uses a spinal electrode to record the trans cranial motor evoked potential directly from the spinal cord
What are D-waves?
Global cortical SSEP changes in a Posterior Lumbar procedure would, in most cases, be associated with this type of change
What is an anesthetic change?
This number of recording needles would be needed to monitor all four major branches of the facial nerve
What is 8?
You would expect to see the tongue respond to stimulation of this cranial nerve
What is cranial nerve XII? What is the hypoglossal nerve?
These three cranial nerves control the movement of the eye
What is cranial nerve III, cranial nerve IV, and cranial nerve VI?
Using IONM to achieve the bilateral attenuation of SSEP data with a method referred to as a "collision study" is a modality commonly used to ensure proper placement of what spinal implantation device?
What is a Spinal Cord Stimulator?
This would result in an absolute latency shift of waves I, III, and V in the BAEP
Conductive issue
This nerve would be used to assess the lower extremity function of a bilateral below the knee amputee in place of the posterior tibial nerve
what is the peroneal nerve?
With sub cortical motor activation at a stimulation intensity of 2mA, this is the approximate distance you would be from eloquent motor fibers sub cortically
What is 2mm?
This area of the brain is primarily concerned with the production of speech, and is located in the dominant hemisphere of the brain (generally the left side)
What is Broca's area?
A surgical maneuver involving the complete removal of the vertebral body
What is a corpectomy?
This data change is the result of recording SSEPs across the central sulcus, and helps delineate the primary motor and sensory cortex of the brain
What is a phase reversal?
This number of needles would be needed to do an SSEP only setup with the following channels and corresponding stimulation electrodes: CP3, CPz, CP4, FpZ, CS5, EP, PF
What is 20?
This type of generalized EEG activity is typical of epilepsy, or of post stimulation seizure activity that can be elicited intraoperatively with cortical and sub cortical stimulation
what is Generalized Spike Wave Discharges?