E1
1. place patient prone or seated
2. rest patients forehead and nose on the IR
3. Adjust flexion of patients neck until OML is perpendicular to the IR
4. Align MSP perpendicular to the IR by adjusting lateral margins of the orbits, or the EAM equidistant from the tabletop/IR.
When the patient is unable to flex the neck/tuck the chin enough to place the OML perpendicular to the IR, what adjustment should the radiographer make?
adjust the neck so that the IOML is perpendicular to the IR and increase central ray angulation by 7 degrees.
What is the CR location for a Submento-vertical Projection (Schuller Method)?
1. CR is directed through the sella turcica perpendicular to the IOML.
2. CR enters MSP of the throat, between the angles of the mandible and passes through a point 3/4 of an inch anterior to the level of the EAM.
3. Center IR to central ray, IR should be parallel to IOML.
If the orbital rim (Orbital Roof) appears Superior to the other orbital rim, what does this suggest?
That the patients head is tilted, and the IPL is not perpendicular to the IR.
What projection BEST DEMONSTRATES a basal skull fracture?
Cross table lateral, will also show air and levels.
What is the CR location for a PA Skull Projection?
CR is perpendicular to exit the nasion.
What is the CR location for an AP Axial Projection (Townes Method)?
1. directed through foramen magnum at a caudal angle of 30 degrees to the OML, or 37 degrees to the IOML.
2. CR enters 2-1/2 inches above the glabella and passes through the level of the EAM.
What is the densest part of the Skull?
Petrous portion of the temporal bone.
If the orbital rim (orbital roof) appears anterior to the other orbital rim, what does this suggest?
The patients head is rotated, and the MSP is not parallel to the IR.
For a Parieto-acanthial Projection (Waters Method) of the sinuses to be properly positioned, the radiographer must_______?
1. patient seated in upright position, facing IR.
2. Center MSP to midline of IR.
3. hyperextend patients neck to approximately correct position, and center IR to the acanthion.
4. Rest patients chin on IR, adjust chin until MSP is perpendicular to plane of the IR.
5. adjust patients head so that the OML forms a 37-degree angle from the plane of the IR.
6. MML should be perpendicular to the IR for an average shaped skull.
How many bones compose the Skull?
22 separate bones.
What bone does the pituitary gland sit on?
What is the purpose of the facial bones?
provides structure, shape and support for the face.
How many projection does the radiographer perform for Lateral Skull Projections.
two lateral's, right and left.
What is the CR location for a Parieto-acanthial Projection (Waters Method) of the sinuses?
CR is horizontal to the IR, exiting at the acanthion.
What are the two distinct groups of skull bones?
8 cranial bones, and 14 facial bones.
What is the purpose of the cranial bones?
form a protective housing for the brain.
For a Lateral Skull Projection to be properly positioned, the radiographer must________?
1. place patient in anterior oblique position (RAO/LAO), seated upright or recumbent.
2. Adjust patients head so the MSP is parallel to the plane of the IR.
3. adjust flexion of patients neck so that the IOML is perpendicular to the front edge of the IR.
4. IOML should also be parallel to long axis of the IR.
5. position patients head to place IPL perpendicular to the IR.
What bones make up the floor of the skull?
Ethmoid bone, sphenoid bone, left/right temporal bones.
What projection BEST DEMONSTRATES the carotid canals, sphenoid bones, and mastoid processes?
Submento-vertical Projection (SMV)
For an AP Axial Projection (Townes Method) to be properly positioned, the radiographer must_________?
1. have patient seated upright or supine.
2. adjust patients head so that MSP is perpendicular to the midline of the IR.
3. flex the patients neck enough to place OML perpendicular to the IR.
4. Center the IR on the foramen magnum.
For a Submento-vertical Projection (Schuller Method) to be properly positioned, the radiographer must_________?
1. place patient in supine or seated upright position.
2. place the IOML as parallel as possible with the plane of the IR.
3. center the MSP to midline of the IR and extend patients neck to the greatest extent as can be achieved. this places IOML as parallel as possible to the IR.
4. adjust patients head so that MSP is perpendicular to the IR.
What is the CR location for a Lateral Skull Projection?
CR is perpendicular, entering 2 inches superior to the EAM.
Where is the Ethmoid notch located?
Horizontal portion of the frontal bone.
What cranial bone consists of a horizontal plate, vertical plate, and lateral masses?
Ethmoid bone.