E1
what is the Image evaluation for the PA Axial Projection (Caldwell Method) includes________?
1. entire cranium without tilt or rotation. demonstrated by equal distance from lateral borders of skull to lateral borders of orbits.
2. symmetric petrous ridges
3. petrous ridges lying in lower 3rd of orbits
4. MSP of cranium aligned with long axis of collimated field.
Where is the squamosal suture located?
found between temporal bones and parietal bones.
which skull shape if short from front to back, broader side to side, and shallow from vertex to base. Petrous pyramids also form a wide angle with the MSP, lying at an angle of 54 degrees?
Brachycephalic
What are the Structures Shown in a Lateral Projection of the skull?
1. superimposed halves of cranium.
2. sella turcica
3. anterior/posterior clinoid processes
4. dorsum sallae
What is the location of the Sagittal Suture?
found between parietal bones, and frontal bone. Just behind the coronal suture.
How does the radiographer know there is NO TILT on his PA Axial Projection (Caldwell Method) skull radiograph?
petrous ridges should appear symmetrical.
What is the image evaluation for the AP Axial Projection (Townes Method)?
1. entire cranium without tilt or rotation demonstrated by equal distance from lateral border of skull to lateral margins of foramen magnum.
2. symmetric petrous ridges
3. MSP aligned with long axis of collimated field.
4. Dorsum sallae and posterior clinoid processes visible within foramen magnum
What is the Image Evaluation for a Lateral Skull projection?
1. entire cranium without tilt or rotation, demonstrated by superimposed orbital roofs and greater wings of sphenoid.
2. superimposed mastoid regions and EAM's
3. super imposed TMJ's
4. sella turcica in profile
5. no overlap from C-spine.
How should the radiographer adjust the CR if the patient is not able to have the MML perpendicular, for a WATERS SINUS PROJECTION?
angle the CR caudad until parallel with MML.
What are the Structures Shown for a Submento-Vertical Projection (Schuller Method) radiograph of the skull?
1. symmetric petrous ridges
2. mastoid processes
3. foramen ovale and foramen spinosum.
4. carotid canals
5. sphenoid and ethmoidal sinuses
6. mandible and bony nasal septum
7. dens of axis and occipital bone
8. maxillary sinuses superimposed over mandible.
How does a radiographer know there is NO ROTATION on his PA Axial Projection (Caldwell Method) Skull radiograph?
lateral border of skull, to lateral border of orbits are equidistant.
If the dorsum sallae is SUPERIOR to the foramen magnum during an AP Townes, what does this indicate?
too much chin tuck/neck flexion, this means OML would not be perpendicular.
Wings of the sphenoid bone.
Where is the Lamboidal Suture located?
found between occipital bone and parietal bones.
How should the Radiographer adjust the patient if the petrous ridges are above or below the maxillary sinus, for a Water's Sinus Projection?
above maxillary sinus: extend neck/chin more
below maxillary sinus: tuck/depress chin more. this will make MML perpendicular to IR and parallel to CR.
What are the structures shown for a PA Axial Projection (Caldwell Method) Skull Radiograph?
1. frontal sinus above nasal suture
2. Anterior ethmoid air cells above petrous ridges.
3. petrous ridges in lower 3rd of orbits.
What are the structures shown for an AP Axial Projection (Townes Method) skull radiograph?
1. symmetric petrous ridges
2. posterior portion of foramen magnum
3. dorsum sallae
4.posterior clinoid process projected within foramen magnum
5. occipital bone, and posterior portion of parietal bone.
Where is the Nasal Spine located?
What is the Image Evaluation for a Submento-Vertical Projection (Schuller Method) radiograph of the skull?
1. enitre cranium without tilt or rotation, demonstrated by equal distance from lateral border of skull to mandibular condyles.
2. symmetric petrous ridges.
3. IOML parallel to IR (full neck extension). demonstrated by mental protuberance superimposed over frontal bone.
4. Mandibular condyles anterior to petrous ridges
For an AP Axial Townes Method Projection, the dorsum sallae is superior to the foramen magnum. What adjustment should the radiographer make?
OML is not aligned properly to the IR, add more angle to CR.
Where is the Coronal suture located?
found between frontal and parietal bones.
What is the projection that BEST DEMONSTRATES the frontal Sinus?
PA Axial Caldwell method
Which skull shape is long from front to back, narrow side to side, and deep from vertex to base. The petrous pyramids form a narrow angle with MSP, at an average angle of 40 degrees?
Dolchiocephalic.
What anatomy does the SMV Projection BEST DEMONSTRATE?
sphenoidal and ethmoidal sinuses.
What are the Cranial Bones?
1. frontal bones
2. occipital bone
3. right/left parietal bones
4. right/left temporal bones
5. ethmoid bone
6. sphenoid bone.