1: Intro & Scientific Method
2: Psychological theories & sampling
3: Research document & APA style
4: Measures & reliability/validity
5: Experimental research I
6: Experimental research II
100
This type of research uses numerical values, the conclusions are based on statistical descriptions and/or analyses, and a larger sample is generally preferred.
What is quantitative research?
100
This can be described as the science of behavior and mental processes.
What is psychology?
100
This is used to find the exact phrase while searching in databases.
What are quotation marks "" ?
100
This variable is seen as the cause/influence in the research design.
What is independent variable?
100
A random process to decide which participants are tested in which condition
What is random assignment?
100
In this type of study, there is more than one independent variable and there is a consideration of how each level of each independent variable is combined with each level of the other independent variables.
What are factorial designs?
200
This type of research generally gives in-depth information about a few people, presents the conclusions based on thematic analysis, and is more global/exploratory.
What is qualitative research?
200
This type of environment is seen as particularly suited for quantitative research, especially for experimental research.
What is laboratory?
200
This is used to find different word endings when searching in research databases.
What is asterisk * ?
E.g., use develop* to find searches that include variations on the word "develop", such as "development" and "developing"
200
This concept refers to the stability of results.
What is reliability?
200
This action by the researcher means that they systematically vary the condition of the independent variable.
What is manipulation?
200
These are are a way of breaking down the interaction to figure out precisely what is going on.
What are simple effects?
300
The following are three features of this particular approach: systematic empiricism, empirical questions, and public knowledge.
What is the general scientifc approach?
300
This type of thinking starts with particular observations and proceeds to develop a global image. NOTE: It contrasts (the OPPOSITE) of starting with a general theory, formulating hypotheses, and only afterwards looking for particular observations.
What is inductive thinking?
300
In this type of article, authors develop a study to collect primary data and report their own results.
What are empirical articles?
300
These are errors that result from measurement and that the researchers do NOT control and canNOT predict/minimize in their study.
What are random errors?
300
According to the textbook (Jhangiani et al., 2019), the Milgram experiment is an example of this type of research design.
What is non-experimental research?
Reference cited:
Jhangiani, R. S., Chiang, I-Chant. A., Cuttler, C., & Leighton, D. C. (2019). Research methods in psychology. In Pressbooks.pub (4th ed.). Pressbooks. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/HF7DQ
300
This particular type of interaction is presented in the image below:
Source for image:
Nosheen, A., Riaz, M. N., Malik, N. I., Yasmin, H., & Malik, S. (2017). Mental Health Outcomes of Sense of Coherence in Individualistic and Collectivistic Culture: Moderating Role of Social Support. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research : PJPR, 32(2), 563–579.
What is a cross-over interaction?
400
This characteristic of the scientific approach is exemplified in the following scenario:
Researchers need to share their data and conclusions with other researchers (e.g., in peer-reviewed journals).
What is public knowledge?
400
This is an assumption held by many statistical tests in the domain of psychology. It assumes that, with a sufficient number of participants, the resulting data on a graph will look like a bell.
What is the standard normal distribution?
NOTE: also accepted are terms such as Bell Curve, normal (Gaussian) distribution.
Image source: https://www.statology.org/bell-curve-google-sheets/
400
This stage of the literature review includes looking at the objectivity, the intended audience, and date of the article.
What is "step 3: evaluate sources"?
P.S. "evaluate articles" is also accepted as an answer
400
This level of variable is exemplified in the example below.
Choose the psychological sub-field you consider your primary expertise from the following list:
a) Biological and neuropsychological
b) Cognitive
c) Developmental
d) Social & personality
e) Mental & physical health
What is a nominal variable?
This list is inspired from the following link: https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Courses/Lumen_Learning/Book:_Introduction_to_Psychology_(Lumen)/04:_Psychological_Foundations/4.09:_The_Five_Psychological_Domains
400
These designs are considered an alternative to counterbalancing. They expose participants to all conditions at the same time. It is usually used when participants make several responses per condition.
What are simultaneous within-subjects designs?
400
In a factorial design, there is only one independent variable for each one of these.
What are main effects?
500
This characteristic of the scientific approach is exemplified in the following scenario:
Researchers need to follow specific protocols/guides (including using measures in a particular way) so that their research can be easily replicated. The analysis (whether qualitative or quantitative) needs to be done in a specified manner.
What is systematic empiricism?
500
This type of sampling is used in the following scenario.
In this study, the researcher chooses uncommon presentations of schizophrenia and interviews both patients and their respective families to better understand the patients' barriers to the Canadian healthcare system.
What is sampling extreme cases?
500
This is a number that represents the popularity of that journal in its specific field. The higher the number, the better the journal is considered to be.
What is impact factor?
500
The scenario below represents this type of measurement evaluation.
A study develops a new measure of psychopathy. It evaluates the measure by giving the new measure as well as the PCL-R questionnaire to a convenient sample in the population. The two questionnaires are given in the same session. The PCL-R (Psychopathy Checklist Revised) is widely used in legal, clinical, and research contexts to officially diagnose psychopathy.
What is concurrent criterion validity?
500
The following scenario represents THIS type of research design. HINT: specify between-subjects/within-subjects, specify experimental/quasi/non-experimental.
A study wants to see if self-esteem leads to more negative health outcomes among those diagnosed with HIV/AIDS (when compared to the general population). The researchers give 100 individuals diagnosed with HIV/AIDS a series of questionnaires on self-esteem and health outcomes. The researchers also give 100 individuals (who do not have life-threatening illnesses) the same questionnaires.
What is a between-subjects quasi-experimental research?
See breakdown of variables below:
IV1 = two levels: healthy/HIV-AIDS, between-subjects
IV2 = self-esteem, between-subjects
DV = health outcomes, between-subjects
*It is a quasi- especially because the researchers try to understand a cause-effect relationship, whether self-esteem leads to negative health outcomes
500
The following scenario presents this type of factorial design. HINT: specify number of factors, levels, and between-subjects/within-subjects/mixed.
A study revisits the Marshmallow experiment with a new twist. In the classical Marshmallow experiment, a marshmallow is placed in front of a child and the child is told that, if they wait until the experimenter comes back, they will be given 2 marshmallows instead of 1.
In this new study, a factorial design is used where American and Japanese children are asked to wait for either (a) a wrapped gift; (b) sweets. Results show that American children were better at waiting for a wrapped gift, but that Japanese children were better at waiting for sweets.
What is a 2x2 mixed design?
Rationale:
IV1 = culture, with 2 levels (Japanese/American), between-subjects variable
IV2 = gift type, with 2 levels (wrapped gift/sweets), within-subjects variable
Since IV1 is between-subjects and IV2 is within-subjects, the design is mixed
Inspiration source: Yanaoka, K., Michaelson, L. E., Guild, R. M., Dostart, G., Yonehiro, J., Saito, S., & Munakata, Y. (2022). Cultures Crossing: The Power of Habit in Delaying Gratification. Psychological Science, 33(7), 1172–1181. https://doi.org/10.1177/09567976221074650