Nutrients
Maintains calcium and phosphate metabolism, as well as bone health. Also important for maintaining normal function of many nonskeletal tissues such as muscle, for immune function, and for inflammation as well as for cell proliferation and differentiation.
What is Vitamin D?
The administration of nutrients via a feeding tube placed directly into the stomach, duodenum, or jejunum.
What is enteral nutrition?
Causes scurvy: impaired formation of mature connective tissue and include bleeding into the skin (petechiae, ecchymoses, perifollicular hemorrhages); inflamed and bleeding gums; and manifestations of bleeding into joints, the peritoneal cavity, the pericardium, and the adrenal glands.
What is Vitamin C deficiency?
Inadequate intake of the nutrients needed for normal growth and development.
Undernutrition caused by an underlying medical condition that impairs nutrient intake, absorption, or use or increases metabolic demands, not by a lack of food. Often chronic illness.
What is secondary/disease-associated malnutrition?
Required for the posttranslational carboxylation of glutamic acid, which is necessary for calcium binding to γ-carboxylated proteins such as prothrombin, factors VII, IX, and X. Found in leafy greens.
What is Vitamin K?
The intravenous delivery of all nutritional requirements, bypassing the GI tract (be specific).
What is total parental nutrition (TPN)?
Can cause rickets, growth retardation, and seizures. Risk factors include old age, lack of sun exposure, dark skin, fat malabsorption, obesity, and gastric bypass surgery.
What is Vitamin D deficiency?
A low weight-for-height or weight-for-length score, or low mid-upper arm circumference.
What is childhood wasting?
Decreased lean body mass due to atrophy and loss of muscle cells. Causes include cachexia, obesity, aging, and of course malnutrition.
What is Sarcopenia?
Decreases small intestine movement to maximize nutrient absorption and increases large intestine peristalsis to maximize elimination of waste, which helps with constipation.
What is fiber?
Absolute contraindications include mechanical bowel obstruction and severe bowel ischemia.
What is enteral nutrition?
Causes pellagra aka the four Ds: dermatitis, diarrhea, depression, and dementia, leading to death.
What is Vitamin B3/Niacin deficiency?
Manifests as a profound wasting of the muscles and subcutaneous fat without edema; caused by a severe deficiency in all major nutrients due to starvation.
What is Marasmus?
Low levels of this protein may indicate poor nutrition or inflammation.
What is albumin?
A mineral that is involved in the synthesis and stabilization of proteins, DNA, and RNA and plays a structural role in ribosomes and membranes. It is necessary for the binding of steroid hormone receptors and several other transcription factors to DNA. It is essential for normal spermatogenesis, fetal growth, and embryonic development.
What is zinc?
A condition caused by a sudden shift from a catabolic to an anabolic state and massive release of insulin, which causes severe electrolyte imbalances and fluid retention. Clinical features include edema, cardiac arrhythmias, seizures, and ataxia.
What is refeeding syndrome?
Causes beriberi: dry beriberi occurs due to damage to peripheral nerves, and is characterized by numbness in the hands and feet, loss of tendon reflexes, paralysis, nystagmus, pain, and vomiting. Wet beriberi is characterized by edematous cardiac tissues, leading to high output cardiac failure, dyspnea on exertion, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, and tachycardia.
What is Vitamin B1/thiamine deficiency?
Manifests as depigmentation of hair and skin, muscle atrophy, bilateral pitting edema, and a distended abdomen due to ascites and hepatomegaly; caused by severe protein deficiency.
What is Kwashiorkor?
A syndrome characterized by progressive wasting of skeletal muscle mass with or without loss of body fat that occurs in patients with an excess of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) as a result of tumor growth.
What is cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome?
Name 3 (out of 8) B vitamins and their function.
B1 thiamine = cofactor for several enzymes involved in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism
B2 riboflavin = cofactors for enzymes that are involved in redox reactions
B3 niacin = cofactor for redox rxns
B5 pantothenic acid = cofactor for fatty acid, cholesterol, and acetylcholine synthesis
B6 pyridoxine = involved in the synthesis of heme, histamine, niacin, and neurotransmitters
B7 biotin = coenzyme for various carboxylase enzyme complexes, which all add a 1-carbon group
B9 folate
B12 cobalamin
Name 5 metabolic complications of parental nutrition.
Hyperglycemia, Refeeding syndrome, Hypophosphatemia, Hypomagnesemia, Hypokalemia, Reduced bone mineral density, Hepatobiliary dysfunction, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Gallstone disease/cholestasis, Hyperlipidemia
Name 4 deficiencies common for vegans/vegetarians.
Vitamin B12, B2, D, iron, calcium, omega 3 FAs, protein
Name 5 complications of childhood malnutrition.
Infections, Delayed wound healing, Growth stunting, Micronutrient deficiencies, Dehydration, Developmental delay, and Multiorgan failure/death if left untreated.
Name 4 organic nutrients essential for healthy adults.
9 essential amino acids, several fatty acids, glucose, 4 fat-soluble vitamins, 10 water-soluble vitamins, dietary fiber, and choline.