Flamengo
This critical energy source, patented by James Watt in 1769, was initially used to pump water out of flooded coal mines but went on to power factory machinery, steamships, and railroads
This medical breakthrough, derived from the cinchona tree, moderated the symptoms of malaria and allowed European troops and missionaries to travel deep into Africa's mosquito-infested interior
Quinine
These were the only two sovereign territories in Africa that successfully managed to remain completely independent of European colonial rule by 1914
Ethiopia & Liberia
Areas where one polity governed another polity
colony
First shown to the public in the 1830s, this revolutionary technology allowed individuals to send coded messages across oceans and continents almost instantly
Telegraph
This colonial administrative strategy relies on existing, traditional indigenous rulers to carry out day-to-day governance, tax collection, and labor recruitment under the supervision of a foreign power
Indirect Rule
Belgium, France, Portugal, and England engaged in a heated diplomatic dispute over control of this rich river basin and its valuable rubber, copper, tin, and ivory
This type of imperial control occurs when an independent but less-developed country is dominated by foreign private businesses rather than a foreign government
Economic Imperialism
Invented by Alfred Nobel in 1867, this highly volatile paste was used to blast tunnels and clear terrain for railroads, but also served as a devastating weapon of war
Dynamite
This term refers to a region where a foreign power claims exclusive trading, tariff, and investment rights without establishing a formal, direct colonial government
The discovery of these two highly valuable mineral resources in South Africa and Sudan intensified European competition and accelerated territorial grabs
Diamonds & Gold
__________ begins with the first humans and it ends with the invention of writing (around 5000 years ago).
Prehistory
This 1884–1885 meeting of 14 nations, convened by Otto von Bismarck, established the diplomatic "rules" for the colonization of Africa, though not a single African representative was invited
The Berlin Conference
This central concept refers to the absolute, independent authority of a state to govern its own territory without external interference
Sovereignty
This critical group of people was entirely uninvited to the Berlin Conference, meaning their national sovereignty and interests were completely ignored
African Leaders
This severe, life-threatening crisis frequently struck colonized populations because colonial administrations restructured local agriculture around cash crops for export rather than food
Famine
This Belgian monarch ruled the Congo Free State as his personal, private fiefdom from 1885 to 1908, extracting rubber and ivory through a notorious system of forced labor and physical mutilation
By 1914, rapid European expansion had resulted in the colonization of this overwhelming percentage of the African continent
90%
This style of colonial management brings in foreign officials, grants no self-rule, and implements institutions designed to achieve cultural assimilation
Direct Control
Identify the Key Concepts of I&S
Place, Space, Time, Change, Global Interactions, Systems