Evidence, Courts & Adjudication
The rights that suspects in custody must be advised of before questioning by police are referred to as these.
Miranda rights, after Miranda v. Arizona
This is the main purpose of bail.
To ensure attendance at court.
Restorative justice
The informal prison economy refers to this system.
Importation and distribution of contraband in prisons (e.g. drugs, cigarettes, cell phones, weapons)
This is the difference between probation and parole.
Probation = never been to prison
Parole = previous incarceration
This constitutional amendment governs the rights of suspects in custody and due process.
Fifth Amendment
True or False: In order to convict or acquit a defendant, jury verdicts must be unanimous.
True
Sentences such as "25 to life" are referred to as this.
Indeterminate sentences
In prison, men who rape other men are viewed as this.
Strong and masculine
Since 2002, parole in the United States has been increasing because of this reason.
Mass incarceration, prison overcrowding
Drug treatment court, mental health court, and domestic violence court are all examples of this specialized type of court.
Problem-solving court
This is the highest standard of proof in criminal procedure.
Beyond a reasonable doubt
Correctional sanctions that are more restrictive than probation but not as restrictive as incarceration or jail (e.g. home confinement, community service, fines) are referred to as this.
Intermediate sanctions
This model of incarceration has dominated prisons from the 1990s to present.
Crime control/custodial model: emphasis on security and discipline, deterrence, incapacitation, mass incarceration
These are two reasons discussed in class for why formerly incarcerated individuals may have difficulty obtaining employment.
Two of: job application disclosure, interruption of experience and education, lack of applicable skills, lack of soft skills.
These types of judges are appointed by the President and confirmed by the US Senate.
Federal judges, including US Supreme Court justices
During voir dire questioning, jurors may be excluded from the jury for these reasons.
Demonstrated bias, no reason at all (limited number of challenges)
These are two arguments against the death penalty in the US discussed in class.
Two of: no evidence for deterrence, discriminatory death penalty decisions, execution of innocent people, cost
The increase in punitive attitudes from the 1990s to present was partly a reaction to the perceived failure of this way of organizing a prison.
Rehabilitation model/correctional institution: treatment, programming, and addressing root issues which led to incarceration.
These are the main differences between bail in Canada and the US.
No cash bail, condition-based system with sureties
The "good faith exception" to the exclusionary rule refers to this scenario.
When police believe they are executing a valid warrant, but the warrant is later overturned due to technical issues, evidence from the search may be admitted in court.
These are the three functions of a judge in their position within the court.
Adjudicator, Negotiator, Administrator
These are the four goals of punishment.
Retribution, Deterrence, Incapacitation, Rehabilitation
The "lease system" referred to this type of organization of corrections, occurring in this area of the United States.
Inmates sold to businesses for private labor as a replacement for the labor of freed slaves, common in the US south post-civil-war.
In Scandinavian countries, incarceration is designed to be as similar to one's life on the outside as possible. This is referred to as the...
Principle of normalcy