Review
Who was Fatimah?
Only one of Muhammad's children who outlived him. Married Ali and continues his lineage.
What are the five types of legal standing in Islam?
Mandatory, suggested, neutral, discouraged, and forbidden
Which European power controlled Algeria during the first half of the 20th century, and what was the anti-colonial movement within Algeria?
France, and the Front de Libération Nationale (FLN)
Ashura is an important Shia holy day. Who are they remembering, what are they commemorating, and what practice marks this event as unique?
Remembering the martyrdom of Hussayn at Karbala. Self-flagellation is the practice of worshippers on this day
What does Shirk mean according to Qur’an?
Idolatry
What was the Hijrah, why did it happen, and why was it important?
The fleeing of Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina in 622
To escape persecution
Marks year one in the Muslim calendar/Allowed Muslims to worship more safely
What is Dhikr?
Dhikr are devotional acts where words or phrases, such as God’s 99 names, are repeated; prominent in Sufism
Generally, by the early twentieth century, how did Europeans imperialize Muslim majority country
Subtly, gradually, and sporadic
Why did the great Islamic Empires of the 7th-13th centuries (Rashidun, Umayyad, and Abbasid Caliphates) fall?
Rashidun Caliphate ended when Mu'awiya took control of the power vacuum left in the wake of the assassination of Ali
Umayyad Caliphate fell when the Abbasids grew dissatisfied with their rule
Abbasids ended when the Mongols happened
Name of the Sufi order who practiced the “Whirling Dervishes”
Mevlevi
Name the five pillars of Islam.
Shahada (Profession of faith), Salat (Prayer), Zakat (Almsgiving), Sawm (Fasting), Hajj (Pilgrimage)
Who is the most popular Iranian Sufi? He is known for his poetry.
Jalal ad-Din Muhammad *Rumi*
At the beginning of WWI, who controlled the majority Muslim regions of Anatolia, Arabia, Palestine, Syria, and Mesopotamia?
The Ottoman Empire
Why is it so difficult to talk about “Islamic” History?
Islam touches many cultures and often crosses with other, non-Muslim cultures
Who was the leader of the Nation of Islam during Malcom X’s life, and who is Yakub?
Elijah Muhammad
A scientist who created White people 6,600 years ago. Is also the biblical Jacob
Describe Orientalism
The big two points are:
The exoticization of the "East"; sexual, barbaric, mystical, repressive
The superiority of the "West"; Civilized, intelligent, powerful, educated
What are the 4 most important sources of Islamic jurisprudence (in other words, from what sources/concepts are decisions made)?
Qur’an, Sunnah (Hadiths), Qiyas (analogy), Ijma (consensus)
This 1916 treaty divided the Ottoman territories into colonial “protectorates”
The Sykes-Picot Agreement
A religious movement that led the Saudis to destroy the tombs of several important Islamic figures, including Fatimah, Ali, and almost that of the Prophet himself
Wahhabism
How did African Muslims assimilate into American culture during the Trans-Atlantic slave trade, and how did Whites respond to it?
Most of the time, Muslims didn’t. They resisted, and Whites often took that to mean that they were unintelligent
What are the three most prominent Shia denominations, which is the most popular, and what is that denomination's basic belief?
Zaydis (Fiver), Ismailis (Sevener), Imamis (Twelver)
Imamis most common
Twelfth Imam waiting in occultation for the Day of Judgement
Name two of the four schools of Sunni theological thought, and explain their idea regarding jurisprudence.
Hanbali-Prioritizes the Qur’an and Hadiths in jurisprudence
Hanafi-Also uses Istihsan (juristic preference) and Urf (normative practice) as sources for rulings
Maliki-Focused on Qur’an and Sunnah, but also prioritized Amal-the practices of the people of Medina
Shafi’i-Where the Qur'an and Sunnah are ambiguous, favors Ijma over Qiyas
Why did the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857 happen, how did it end, and what became of the region after it threw off colonial rule?
The rifles issued to Indian soldiers had cartridges greased with cow and pig fat, offending Hindus and Muslims. It ended after a year of British suppression, and when India gained its independence in 1947, it was separated into India, a majority Hindu nation, and East and West Pakistan, majority Mulsim nations. However, the region of Kashmir was a majority Muslim region led by a Hindu, and it is still contested today.
Name 2 occasions when Europe/the "West" came into conflict with Islam other than the Crusades before 1700 C.E
The Battle of Tours/Poitiers (732), Siege of Vienna (1529), Reconquista (ended 1492), Fall of Constantinople (1456), Battle of Manzikert (1071), Conquest of Sicily (began 831), etc
Islamic art (as vague as that term is) can be differentiated from other religious art. How so?
Islamic art leaned heavily on calligraphy. For example, there are no paintings of Muhammad, whereas Christian religious imagery did not shy away from depicting their holy figures, such as Mary and Jesus.