Key Figures
Who was the last prophet of Islam?
Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).
What is the name of the famous library and learning center in Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate?
The House of Wisdom.
Which city was the capital of the Umayyad Caliphate?
Damascus.
Who is considered the father of algebra?
Al-Khwarizmi.
In which year did Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) migrate from Makkah to Madinah (Hijra)?
622 CE (Common Era)
Who was the first caliph after the death of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)?
Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq
Who was the famous Muslim doctor known for his book "The Canon of Medicine"?
Ibn Sina (Avicenna).
The Ottoman Empire:
Largest Islamic empire, was established in northern Anatolia by Othman I at the end of the 13th century and expanded by his successors to include all of Asia Minor and much of south-eastern Europe.
Which Islamic astronomer accurately calculated the length of the solar year and contributed to the development of the astrolabe?
Al-Biruni
Which battle, fought in 732 CE (Common Era), marked the halt of the Islamic expansion into Western Europe?
The Battle of Tours
Which Muslim ruler successfully captured Jerusalem from the Crusaders in 1187?
Salahuddin Al-Ayyubi (Saladin)
Who was the famous Muslim philosopher known for reconciling Islamic thought with Greek philosophy?
Ibn Rushd ( Latinized as Averroes). He's an Arab Andalusian Muslim writer and philosopher. He's a polymath and jurist who wrote about many subjects, including philosophy, theology, medicine, astronomy, physics, psychology, mathematics, Islamic jurisprudence and law, and linguistics.
What was the name of the empire that conquered Constantinople in 1453?
The Ottoman Empire.
Who is known for founding the first university in the world in Fez, Morocco?
Fatima al-Fihri.
What was the name of the treaty signed between Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and the Quraysh tribe in 628 CE (Common Era)?
The Treaty of Hudaybiyyah. The treaty helped to decrease tension between the two cities (Mecca and Medina), affirmed peace for a period of 10 years.
Who was the famous scholar and mystic, known for his work "Al-Risala" (The Treatise)?
Imam Al-Ghazali
Which Muslim mathematician is credited with introducing the decimal point system?
Al-Kashi (Ghiyath al-Din Jamshid Mas'ud al-Kashi).
What was the capital city of the Abbasid Caliphate?
Baghdad.
Which Muslim cartographer produced the most accurate world map of his time in 1154?
Al-Idrisi
What year did the Muslim conquest of Spain (Al-Andalus) begin?
711 CE
Who was the Umayyad leader who moved the caliphate to Spain and founded the Emirate of Córdoba?
Abd al-Rahman I.
Who was the philosopher and mathematician whose works in geometry helped shape modern calculus?
Omar Khayyam.
Which sultan ruled over the Ottoman Empire during its peak in the 16th century, often referred to as "the Magnificent"?
Suleiman the Magnificent.
Which Muslim scholar contributed to the development of optics and the study of vision?
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)
In which year was the Treaty of Granada signed, leading to the surrender of the last Muslim kingdom in Spain?
1492 CE (common era)