Early Life
Who was older: Omar ibn Al-Khattab or Uthman ibn Affan?
Uthman ibn Affan was older
Who became the second Caliph of Islam after Abu Bakr?
Who is Omar ibn Al-Khattab
Who financed the expansion of the Prophet’s Mosque in Medina?
Uthman ibn Affan
Which Caliph was known for his gentleness and generosity?
Uthman ibn Affan
Which Caliph was martyred while praying in the mosque?
Omar ibn Al-Khattab
Which tribe did both Omar and Uthman belong to in Quraysh?
Banu Umayyah (Uthman) and Banu Adi (Omar) – both were from the Quraysh tribe.
Which Caliph oversaw the expansion into Egypt and Persia?
Omar ibn Al-Khattab
Which Caliph introduced the Diwan (register) system for soldiers?
Omar ibn Al-Khattab
Which Caliph was known for his strong sense of justice and strictness?
Omar ibn Al-Khattab
What book of the Qur’an still follows the version compiled under Uthman’s direction?
The standard Mushaf (Uthmani script) used worldwide today.
What was Uthman known for in Mecca before accepting Islam?
He was a wealthy merchant known for his honesty and generosity.
Which Caliph was responsible for compiling the official Mushaf of the Qur’an?
Uthman ibn Affan
What role did Uthman play in unifying the Qur’anic recitation?
He ordered standard copies of the Qur’an and sent them to major cities to preserve correct recitation.
Who was known for their shyness and modesty, even in front of the Prophet (PBUH)?
Uthman ibn Affan
What did Omar establish to care for the poor and needy during his caliphate?
A social welfare system, including Bayt al-Mal (treasury for the poor).
What major profession or skill did Omar have before Islam?
He was a trader and also known as a skilled orator and diplomat.
Under whose rule was the Islamic calendar (Hijri) established?
Omar ibn Al-Khattab
Name a public service project started by Omar, such as roads or wells.
Construction of roads, canals, public rest houses, and water wells for travelers and the poor.
Describe Omar’s personality in the way he handled leadership responsibilities.
He was firm, just, and uncompromising in applying Islamic principles. He was humble yet decisive.
Name one province or city that became part of the Islamic empire under Uthman.
North Africa, Armenia, or parts of Central Asia like Khurasan.
How did their early social status help or challenge their paths to leadership in the Muslim community?
Their noble Qurayshi background gave them respect and influence, but also made it difficult to accept Islam at first due to tribal loyalty and pride.
Describe a major administrative reform implemented by Omar ibn Al-Khattab.
He established a bureaucratic system, introduced the Diwan, built courts, and appointed judges (Qadis).
What steps did Uthman take to ensure unity in the Muslim Ummah during his rule?
He standardized the Qur’an, appointed governors, and tried to maintain central control, though this eventually caused unrest.
How did both Caliphs balance humility with their powerful positions?
Both led simple lives, took no salary or minimal support, and made themselves accountable to the people.
Compare how both Omar and Uthman died and how the Muslim world reacted.
Omar was stabbed by a Persian prisoner during prayer, Uthman was martyred in his home during civil unrest. Both deaths caused deep grief and fitnah (strife) in the Ummah.