Roman
In 60 BCE, this informal political alliance between Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus allowed them to dominate Roman politics.
Triumvrat
This treaty, signed in 756 CE, established the Papal States and gave the Pope temporal power over central Italy, thanks to support from the Frankish King Pepin the Short.
Donation of Pepin
This 15th-century conflict between Florence and Milan, driven by Cosimo de’ Medici’s diplomacy, ended with the Peace of Lodi and established a balance of power in Italy.
War of Lombardy
Who was crowned King of Italy in 1805?
Napoleon
This 1939 event saw Italy formally annex this Balkan country, marking one of its first aggressive expansions before World War II.
Annexation of albania
This series of three wars, fought between 264 BCE and 146 BCE, solidified Rome’s dominance in the western Mediterranean and led to the destruction of Carthage.
Punic wars
This 1176 battle saw the Lombard League decisively defeat Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, securing the independence of northern Italian communes.
Battle of Legnano
This Italian city-state dominated Mediterranean trade during the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance, defeating Genoa in the War of Chioggia (1378–1381).
Venice
Following Napoleon’s defeat, this 1815 diplomatic assembly restored pre-Napoleonic borders and reinstated Austrian dominance over northern Italy.
Congress of Vienna
The 1919 occupation of this Dalmatian city by Italian poet Gabriele D’Annunzio exemplified Italian nationalist dissatisfaction with the post-war settlement.
Fiume
In 31 BCE, Octavian defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra at this naval battle, ending the last war of the Roman Republic and securing his control over Rome.
Battle of actium
This 6th-century Byzantine emperor launched the reconquest of Italy, temporarily restoring much of the Western Roman Empire's territory.
Justinian 1st
The Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559) ended the Italian Wars, leaving this country as the dominant foreign power in the Italian peninsula.
Spain
In 1859 France, Sadriania Piedmont and Austria Signed a peace treaty. In this treaty what lands did Piedmont gain from Austria?
Lombardy
This 1922 event marked Benito Mussolini’s rise to power as he and his followers marched to Rome, pressuring King Victor Emmanuel III to appoint him as Prime Minister.
March on Rome
This province, annexed after Julius Caesar's campaigns in 58–50 BCE, expanded Roman territory into what is now France and parts of Belgium and Switzerland.
Gual
This German king and Holy Roman Emperor was crowned in 800 CE by Pope Leo III, symbolizing the fusion of Roman, Christian, and Germanic traditions in medieval geopolitics.
Charlemagne
In the early 16th century, the Papal States formed this defensive alliance with Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, and other Italian states to counter French influence in Italy.
Holy League
In 1860, this revolutionary leader led the Expedition of the Thousand, capturing Sicily and Naples to unify southern Italy with the Kingdom of Sardinia.
Giuseppe Garibaldi
This 1939 agreement between Italy and Germany solidified their military alliance, committing each to support the other in the event of war.
Pact of Steel
This Roman general defeated King Mithridates VI of Pontus in 63 BCE, consolidating Roman control over Asia Minor and the eastern Mediterranean.
Pompey the Great
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, this Germanic kingdom established its rule over much of Italy under King Theodoric the Great in 493 CE.
Ostrogothic kingdom
In 1701, the War of Spanish Succession resulted in the Treaty of Utrecht, which ceded this Italian duchy from the Spanish Habsburgs to the Austrian Habsburgs.
Milan
During the third Italian war of independence what provience did Italy gain from Austria after the war?
Venetia
In 1944, after the fall of Mussolini, the Allies established a new government in this southern Italian city, which served as the temporary capital of liberated Italy.
Salerno